Urinary tract disease

• What is the first step in a urinary tract examination?

  Rectal examination
• What does bladder wall thickness indicate during examination?

  Possible inflammation or obstruction

  
• What is a sign of ureter distension during examination?

  Pulsation
• What parts of the kidney are examined trans-rectally?

  Caudal parts of the left kidney
• Where are the right and left kidneys examined abdominally?

  Right paralumbar fossa
• What is the first step in urine sampling for cows?

  Wait and stimulate vulva and perineum
• How is urine sampling performed for bulls?

  Massage prepuce or wash with warm water
• What is the first step in urinalysis on the farm?

  Gross inspection
• What does red discolouration in urine indicate?

  Possible haematuria, haemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria
• What does cloudiness in urine suggest?

  Presence of cellular debris or pyuria
• What does a foetid odour in urine indicate?

  Possible pyuria or urinary retention
• What conditions increase urine alkalinity?

  Urolithiasis and cystitis
• What conditions increase urine acidity?

  Metabolic acidosis and some UTIs
• What does proteinuria indicate?

  Possible nephrosis or glomerulonephritis
• What are potential causes of azotaemia?

  Kidney dysfunction or dehydration
• How can you distinguish between haematuria, haemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria?

  By examining urine characteristics and history
• What infectious disease can cause haemoglobinuria?

  Babesiosis
• What is the aetiology of babesiosis?

  Babesia divergens
• What is the primary vector for babesiosis?

  Tick-infected areas (Ixodes ricinus)
• What age group of cattle is most at risk for babesiosis?

  Non-immune animals under 2 years
• What are the clinical signs of acute babesiosis?

  Red urine, pyrexia, and anaemia
• What is the treatment for babesiosis?

  Imidocarb diproprionate (Imizol)
• What is the aetiology of bacillary haemoglobinuria?

  Clostridium haemolyticum
• What are the clinical signs of bacillary haemoglobinuria?

  Acute haemolytic disease and jaundice
• What is the aetiology of brassica poisoning?

  Feeding rape or kale
• What are the clinical signs of acute brassica poisoning?

  Haemoglobinuria and weakness
• What is the aetiology of contagious pyelonephritis?

  Corynebacterium renale
• What are the clinical signs of cystitis?

  Dysuria and urine discolouration
• What are the clinical signs of bracken toxicity?

  Haematuria and anaemia
• What are the risk factors for urethral obstruction?

  Castration and high body condition score
• What are the clinical signs of urethral obstruction?

  Stranguria and profound colic

  
• What is the treatment for urethral obstruction?

  Urinary catheterisation and IVFT
• What are the key steps in urinary tract examination?

  • Rectal examination
  • Assess kidneys for enlargement and pain
  • Check bladder wall thickness and fill
  • Evaluate ureters for pulsation and distension
• What are the components of urinalysis on the farm?

  • Gross inspection: colour, clarity, odour
  • Urine dipstick test
  • Refractometer analysis
  • pH measurement
• What are the clinical signs of babesiosis?

  • Red urine
  • Pyrexia (up to 43ºC)
  • Anaemia
  • Depression and weakness
  • Abortion
• What are the clinical signs of bacillary haemoglobinuria?

  • Acute haemolytic disease
  • Sudden onset dullness and fever
  • Severe anaemia and jaundice
  • 100% mortality
• What are the clinical signs of brassica poisoning?

  • Collapse and death (peracute)
  • Haemoglobinuria, dullness, weakness (acute)
  • Chronic and subclinical forms
• What are the clinical signs of contagious pyelonephritis?

  • Haematuria and pyuria
  • Gradual loss of condition
  • Frequent painful urination
  • Enlarged kidneys
• What are the clinical signs of cystitis?

  • Dysuria and stranguria
  • Mild pyrexia
  • Urine discoloured with RBC and bacteria

  
• What are the clinical signs of bracken toxicity?

  • Haematuria and anaemia
  • Weakness and upper alimentary neoplasia
  • Acute haemorrhagic syndrome