20th Century

• Games became timetabled

  Fields of play were enclosed

  Boundaries made formal

  Most cruel sports had gone (except shooting + hunting for gentry)

  Written codes of conduct
• Sport was still divided by social class
• Middle class had more time to participate so dominated sports e.g golf
• Amateurs and professional class association still existed
• Football became a sport of the working class

  They often received payment
• In boxing and horse racing, the money was provided by the upper classes, the working classes took part
• Public schools still influenced sport, mainly middle class taking part as a result
• Education act (1902)

  To improve the fitness of the working classes to prepare for war

  Military drill style exercise

  Children stood in rows and listened to commands
• Syllabus for Physical Training (1933)

  Military emphasis too strong, moved away from drills

  Gymnastics, athletics and games

  Thinking changed towards a more holistic approach- ‘the whole child’
• Butler Act (1944)

  No clear curriculum but did have a clear criteria for playing fields and gymnasiums
• Education Reform Act (1988)

  Emphasis on spiritual, moral, cultural and mental development- ‘the whole child’

  Compulsory subject on the National Curriculum- dedicated time to PE/Sport
• State education system

  Grammer Schools

  Secondary Modern

  Secondary Technical
• Grammer Schools

  Emulated public school provision

  Competitive sport

  Competitive teams in major sport
• Secondary modern

  Pupils received training in a wide range of simple, practical skills

  Focus on training in basic subjects:

  arithmetic

  mechanical skills e.g. wood working

  domestic skills e.g. cooking

  Ran sports teams
• Secondary Technical

  Technical schools emerged due to 1944 education act

  Intended to focus on technical subjects e.g. mechanics and engineering to prepare students to work in related trades
• Time

  Increased leisure time

  Men watched and played sport
• Money

  Increased disposable income

  Darts, dominoes and billiards flourished inside pubs and clubs
• Space

  At a premium, land available was heavily used

  Water polo- public baths

  Pigeon races- allotments

  Quoits- fields behind clubs
• Transport

  Public and private transport became more available to everyone

  Increase in numbers able to travel to participate in sport and spectate it

  Sport became more accessible to people in Britain
• 1984 Olympics

  Large crowds

  Made a profit
• Empire being dissolved

  International competitions like Olympics began to matter more as a ’shop window‘ for the host city and country
• Conquest of Everest (1953)

  Possible because of the growing availability of international travel