Bonding

• What is the main topic of this revision video?

  Bonding
• What examination board is this video tailored for?

  AQA
• What can you purchase to aid your revision?

  PowerPoint slides
• What type of bonding is primarily discussed in the video?

  Ionic bonding
• What holds charged ions together in ionic bonding?

  Strong electrostatic attractions
• What happens to sodium in ionic bonding with chlorine?

  Sodium gives up an electron to chlorine
• What charge do group one elements form?

  Plus one ions
• What is the charge of a nitrate ion?

  NO3 minus
• What is the swap and drop method used for?

  To work out ionic compound formulas
• What is the formula for calcium nitrate using the swap and drop method?

  Ca(NO3)2
• What is the formula for calcium oxide using the swap and drop method?

  CaO
• What type of structure do ionic compounds like sodium chloride form?

  Giant ionic structures
• Why do ionic compounds dissolve well in water?

  Water's polarity attracts positive and negative ions
• Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?

  Because ions are free to move around
• What is the melting point characteristic of ionic compounds?

  Very high melting points
• What is covalent bonding?

  Sharing of outer electrons
• What types of bonds can covalent bonds form?

  Single, double, and triple bonds
• What is a coordinate bond?

  When one atom donates both electrons
• What is the structure of graphite?

  Made up of hexagons with delocalized electrons
• Why can graphite conduct electricity?

  Delocalized electrons can carry a charge
• What is diamond's bonding structure?

  Each carbon is bonded four times
• Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

  It has no free electrons
• What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral structure?

  109.5 degrees
• What effect do lone pairs have on bond angles?

  They reduce the bond angle
• What is the shape of a molecule with two bond pairs and no lone pairs?

  Linear
• What is the bond angle in a trigonal planar molecule?

  120 degrees
• What is the shape of a molecule with four bond pairs and no lone pairs?

  Tetrahedral
• What is the bond angle in an octahedral structure?

  90 degrees
• What happens to bond angles when lone pairs are present?

  Bond angles decrease
• What is the shape of a molecule with three bond pairs and one lone pair?

  Pyramidal
• What is the shape of a molecule with two bond pairs and two lone pairs?

  Bent or nonlinear
• What is the bond angle in a bent molecule with two lone pairs?

  104.5 degrees
• What is the shape of a molecule with three bond pairs and two lone pairs?

  Trigonal planar
• What is the bond angle in a trigonal planar structure with lone pairs?

  120 degrees
• What is the bond angle in an octahedral shape?

  90°
• What shape is formed with three bond pairs and one lone pair?

  Pyramidal
• How does the bond angle change with two bond pairs and two lone pairs?

  It shrinks to 104.5°
• What is the bond angle in a bent molecule with two bond pairs and two lone pairs?

  104.5°
• What is the bond angle in a trigonal planar molecule?

  120°
• How do lone pairs affect bond angles in molecules?

  Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs