Respiratory system

• The trachea is the windpipe, which connects to the larynx.
• The bronchi are two tubes that branch off from the trachea into the lungs.
• Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the bloodstream and the atmosphere.
• Lungs contain millions of alveoli.
• Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
• Respiration is the diffusion of gases across cell membrane.
• The lower respiratory system consists of organs outside the thoracic cavity. True or False
• The external nose is composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage.
• The choanae help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air.
• The thyroid cartilage is the largest piece of cartilage called the Adam's apple
• In the vocal folds, tension determines loudness. True
• The trachea has C-shaped rings that allow it to stretch during inspiration. True
• The trachea contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epithelium. True
• The right main bronchus is more horizontal than the left one. False
• In an asthma attack, contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to reduced air flow.

  True
• The pleural fluid acts as lubricant allowing the visceral and parietal pleurae to slide past each other as lungs and thorax change shape.
• The pleural cavity is the space around each lung.
• Changes in volume result in changes in pressure. True
• During inspiration the diaphragm descends and rib cage expands.
• During expiration, alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. True
• Lung recoil is the tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in volume
• Surfactant is a single fluid layer on the surface of thin fluid lining alveoli. False
• Lung elasticity is increased by emphysema. False
• Lung compliance is affected if rib cage is damaged.
• Residual volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration and cannot be voluntarily expelled
• Expiratory reserve volume is volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration
• Gas exchange is influenced by thickness of membrane, total area of membrane, partial pressure of gases.
• As blood CO2 levels decrease, blood pH increases.