Topic 1 - Class differences in achivement (external factors)

• Cultural deprivation - the lack of basic values,attitudes and skills needed for educational success
• The four working-class subcultures are Fatalism,Collectivism,Immediate gratification and Present-time orientation
• Fatalism - the belief that all events are predetermined and unchangeable
• Collectivism - the belief that individuals must put their own needs aside to achieve group goals
• Immediate Gratification - the desire for immediate rewards rather than long term benefits
• Present Time Orientation - the focus on short term pleasures rather than future plans