Carbonlys/esters/acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides

• Carbonyls are ketones and aldehydes. They react by nucleophilic addition.
• how to identify aldehydes and ketones? Tollens reagent forms a silver mirror with an aldehyde but not a ketone. 2-4-DNP turns aromatic carbonyls red and aliphatic carbonyls yellow/orange
• reduction of an Aldehyde makes an alcohol, by gaining hydrogen. NaHB4 is needed, as well as either H2O or H+
• react NaCN with a carbonyl to produce a hydroxynitrile. there is an OH group and a nitrile group. H2O or H+ is needed
• Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters. H2SO4 is needed. The reverse is ester hydrolysis, where the ester reacts with H2O or OH-. With an alkali, the carboxylate ion is formed
• Acyl chlorides have a c=o bond and a Cl
• acyl chlorides are formed by Carboxylic acids and SOCl2
• acyl chloride and alcohol makes an ester, as the c=o bond on acyl reacts with OH. also makes HCl
• acyl chlorides reacts with TWO ammonia molecules to makes an amide, and NH4+Cl- salt
• acyl chlorides react with two amines to form an n-substituted amide and NH3R+Cl- ( R is the group on the amine)
• Acid anhydride has two COOH groups joined together
• Acid anhydride + water forms acid
• Acid anhydride + alcohol forms ester
• Acid anhydride and ammonia or amine make amide, as the c=o bonds react with NH