BIOL 2401 Anatomy & Physiology I (Ch 2-6)

• Define matter, atom, isotope, and isomer

  Matter: a substance that has mass and occupies space (solid, liquid, gas). Atom: smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element. Isotope: atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. Isomer: Molecules composed of the same number and types of atoms but with a different arrangement
• Protons are

  positively charged particles (+1 charge) located in the nucleus of an atom
• Neutrons are


  particles with no charge (+0); also located in the nucleus
• Electrons are

  negatively charged particles; located in energy levels outside nucleus (orbitals)
• Covalent bonds is the __________ of electrons between two atoms.


  sharing(Single = sharing of one pair of electrons b/w atomsDouble = sharing of two pairs of electrons Triple = sharing of three pairs of electrons)
• A nonpolar covalent bond is the resultant bond between two....


  atoms of the same type.
• A polar covalent bond is the resultant bond between two...

  different types of atoms.
• An ionic bond is the bond between...

  a cation (positively charged ion) and an anion (negatively charged ion); typically forms a salt (typically includes a loss or gain of electron)
• Endergonic reactions

  less energy within reactants than products; net increase in potential energy (synthesis reactions)
• Exergonic reactions


  more energy within reactants than products; net decrease in potential energy (decomposition reaction)
• Octet Rule


  atoms obtain an outer shell with eight electrons and gain chemical stability through the loss, gain, or sharing of electrons
• Properties of water(Phases, properties, specific heat, cohesion, surface tension, adhesion)

  3 phases (solid, liquid, gas)Transports, lubricates, cushions, and excretes wastes; Cohesion: attraction between water molecules, Surface Tension: inward pulling of cohesive surfaces, Adhesion: attraction between water molecules & another substance; Specific Heat: 1 cal/g; Universal Solvent
• Substance that dissociates in water; also known as a proton donor

  Acid
• Proton acceptor; accepts H+ when added to solution

  Base
• Single/Multiple molecules that help prevent pH changes if an acid or base is added

  Buffer
• An enzyme is considered a

  catalyst
• Enzyme are catalyst that


  speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy
• Enzymes are __________ proteins

  Globular
• How will an increase in temperature above the optimal temperature (104 degrees in the human body) affect an enzyme?

  It will denature the enzyme and cause it to lose function
• The optimal pH for enzymes in the human body is

  between 6 and 8
• A change in pH, either increasing or decreasing, will

  denature an enzyme
• An increase in H+ results in a... ; A decrease in H+ results in...

  decrease in pH; increase in pH
• Define a carbohydrate and its different types.

  An organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen- Monosaccharide: simple sugar monomers (1-7 carbons)- Disaccharides: dimer carbs formed from two monosaccharides (ex. sucrose/lactose)- Polysaccharides: many monosaccharide carbs (ex. starch)
• What are the functions of carbs?

  Energy source and structural support
• Define a protein

  Large macromolecules made up of one or more amino acids
• What are the functions of proteins? (6)

  Catalyze chemical reactions, structural support, body movement, transport in blood, membrane transport, and protection
• What are the 4 structural hierarchy levels of proteins?

  - Primary: linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds- Secondary: structural patterns form from hydrogen bonds (alpha helix/beta sheets)- Tertiary: final 3D shape; Globular/Fibrous shape- Quaternary: molecule of two or more separate proteins (most complex); four globular proteins/3 fibrous proteins)
• Define a lipid and its functions

  Diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble (hydrophobic) molecules; stored energy, components of cellular membrane, and hormones
• Identify and define the four classes of lipids (PETS)

  - Phospholipids: Form plasma membrane- Eicosanoids: Locally active hormones- Triglycerides: most common form of lipids (used for energy storage); a glycerol and three fatty acids- Steroids: some steroids (cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen)
• Define ATP, its functions, and where it's produced.

  - ATP: Adenine Triphosphate (adenine, ribose sugar, three phosphate groups covalently linked)- energy currency of a molecule; central molecule in transfer of chemical energy- Produced in the mitochondria
• The capacity to do work is....

  Energy
• Energy of motion is...

  Kinetic energy
• Energy of position or stored energy is

  potential energy
• Identify the types of energy based on definition:- Potential energy stored in chemical bonds- Energy produced by the movement of charged particles- Energy produced by objects in motion due to applied force- Energy produced by molecule compression caused by vibrating objects- Energy in electromagnetic waves- Kinetic energy produced from the movement of atoms/ions/molecules

  Chemical EnergyElectrical EnergyMechanical EnergySound EnergyRadiant EnergyHeat
• Thermodynamics is


  the study of energy transformation
• What is the first law of thermodynamics?

  Energy is neither created nor destroyed
• What is the second law of thermodynamics?

  When energy is transformed, some energy is lost to heat
• The three categories of chemical reactions are

  Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange
• Decomposition Reactions


  AB --> A + B
• Synthesis Reactions


  A + B --> AB