endocrine practice exam questions

• What hormones does the hypothalamus produce to regulate the anterior pituitary gland?

  Releasing and inhibiting hormones
• What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

  Growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, LH
• What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

  Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
• What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete and store in the posterior pituitary?

  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland?

  Releases oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus
• What is the function of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

  They regulate metabolism
• What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete?

  Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  Regulates blood calcium levels
• What hormones does the pancreas produce?

  Insulin and glucagon
• What is the function of insulin and glucagon?

  Regulate blood glucose levels
• What does the thymus secrete?

  Thymosins
• What is the role of thymosins?

  Involved in T-cell development for immunity
• What hormones do the ovaries produce?

  Estrogen and progesterone
• What is the function of estrogen and progesterone?

  Regulate female reproductive functions
• What hormone do the testes produce?

  Testosterone
• What is the role of testosterone?

  Regulates male reproductive functions
• What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

  Melatonin
• What is the function of melatonin?

  Regulates sleep-wake cycles
• What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

  Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens
• What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

  Adrenaline and noradrenaline
• What is the role of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

  Involved in the fight-or-flight response
• How does the hypothalamus regulate body temperature?

  Through releasing and inhibiting hormones
• What does the pituitary gland control?

  Other endocrine glands, growth, metabolism
• How does the thyroid gland contribute to homeostasis?

  Regulates metabolic rate and calcium balance
• What is the role of the parathyroid glands in homeostasis?

  Regulate calcium levels for nerve and muscle function
• How does the pancreas maintain blood glucose levels?

  Through insulin and glucagon secretion
• What do adrenal glands help the body respond to?

  Stress and regulate metabolism
• How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland?

  By secreting hormones into the hypophyseal portal system
• How do hormones travel to the anterior pituitary?

  Through blood vessels in the hypophyseal portal system
• How are ADH and oxytocin transported to the posterior pituitary?

  Down axons from neurons in the hypothalamus
• What do lipid-soluble hormones do upon entering target cells?

  Bind to intracellular receptors
• How do lipid-soluble hormones alter gene expression?

  Hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor
• What do water-soluble hormones bind to?

  Receptors on the cell membrane
• What do secondary messengers do in water-soluble hormone action?

  Initiate a cascade of intracellular events
• How does insulin therapy help individuals with diabetes mellitus?

  Regulates blood glucose levels
• What does synthetic thyroxine (T4) do for hypothyroidism?

  Normalizes metabolism
• How do antithyroid medications help with hyperthyroidism?

  Reduce thyroid hormone production
• What do beta-blockers manage in hyperthyroidism?

  Symptoms like rapid heart rate