Learning Approach (behaviourism)

• What does the behaviourist approach argue about behaviour?

  All behaviour is learned through experiences
• According to the behaviourist approach, how is behavior determined?

  By external influences (environmental determinism)
• What do behaviorists reject as they cannot be directly observed?

  Internal mental processes
• What type of learning is Classical Conditioning?

  Learning through association
• Who is associated with Classical Conditioning?

  Pavlov
• In Pavlov's study, what did dogs eventually salivate to?

  The neutral stimulus alone
• In classical conditioning, what does NS stand for?

  Neutral stimulus
• In classical conditioning, what does UCS stand for?

  Unconditioned stimulus
• In classical conditioning, what does CR stand for?

  Conditioned response
• What type of learning is Operant Conditioning?

  Learning through reinforcement and punishment
• Who is associated with Operant Conditioning?

  Skinner
• What did rats in Skinner's study learn to do?

  Press a lever for rewards
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Reward for behaviour
• What effect does positive reinforcement have on behavior?

  Increases behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Removing an unpleasant stimulus
• What effect does negative reinforcement have on behavior?

  Increases behavior
• What is punishment?

  Unpleasant consequence
• What effect does punishment have on behavior?

  Decreases behavior
• What kind of reflexes are involved in classical conditioning?

  Involuntary, automatic reflexes
• What kind of behavior is involved in operant conditioning?

  Voluntary behavior
• How is behavior shaped in operant conditioning?

  Actively shaped by consequences
• What type of credibility does the behaviourist approach have due to lab experiments?

  Scientific credibility
• What does the use of controlled lab experiments provide?

  High reliability
• Why might research on animals not apply to humans?

  Generalisability issues
• What does the behaviourist approach overlook about behaviour?

  Cognitive and biological influences
• What limits the behaviourist approach?

  Focus on observable behaviour alone
• What is environmental determinism in the context of the behaviourist approach?

  Behaviour is determined by external influences
• In Pavlov's study, what neutral stimulus did the dogs associate with food?

  A metronome
• In Skinner's Box, what did rats get when they pressed the lever?


  Food
• What kind of therapy is counter-conditioning?

  Behavioural