Chapter 3: Structural Engineering

• structural engineering

  • structural engineers are trained to understand, predict, and calculate the stability, strength, and rigidity of built structures
• Structural Engineering

  Structure - A system of connected parts used to support a load
• Structural Engineering

  Stability - resistance offered by a structure to undesirable movement like sliding, collapsing and over turning
• Structural Engineering

  Strength – capacity of a structural system to withstand the loads applied to it
• Structural Engineering

  Rigidity

  • property of a structure that it does not bend or flex under an applied force
  • opposite of rigidity is flexibility
• Structural Analysis Vs. Structural Design

  • Conceptual Design →
  • → Modeling & Analysis →
  • Architectural plans
  • structural system
  • modeling
  • analysis
  • → Design & Detailing
  • member desin
  • detailing
• Structural Analysis

  • Calculation of magnitudes of forces and deformations
• Structural Design

  • Arrangement and proportioning of structures and their parts so as to support their loads adequately
• Structural Elements and Systems

  • Structural members →
  • beams, columns, slabs, footings
  • → Applied external forces →
  • dead load, live load, wind load
  • → Internal forces
  • shear, moment, axial force, reactions
• Structural Elements

  • Beams/Girders
  • Columns
  • Slabs/Shells
  • Tie Rods/Bracing Struts
• Structural Elements and Systems

  Elementts

  • Beams are usually horizontal members, primarily designed to resist bending moment
  • Columns are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads
  • Slabs are structural elements subjected to bi-directional bending and shear
  • Retaining wall is a structure that holds back soil or rock from a building, structure or area. It prevents erosion vertical changes.
• Structural Elements and Systems

  Support Connections

  • Fixed
  • Roller
  • Pin/Hinge
  • Link
• Structural Elements and Systems

  Structural Loads

  • Dead Load (D)
  • Live Load (L)
  • Wind Load (W)
  • Earthquake Load (E)
  • Impact Load (I)
  • Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure (H)
  • Thermal Effects (T)
• Structural Loads

  Dead Loads

  • Permanent loads acting on the structure
  • Include the self-weight of structural and non- structural components
  • Consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building
  • Fixed Service Equipment: Plumbing stacks and risers, electrical feeders, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems
• Structural Loads

  Live Loads

  • Non-permanent loads acting on the structure.
  • The magnitude and location of live loads changes frequently over the design life.
  • They cannot be estimated with the same accuracy as dead loads.
• Structural Loads

  Wind Load

  • In the form of pressure or suction on surface the exterior of building structures.
  • Generally act perpendicular to surfaces.
• structural Loads

  Earthquake Loads

  • Inertial forces structure due that act on a to earthquake induced ground motion
  • Generally act horizontally on each element of the structure and are proportional to their mass.
  • Thus, heavier structures are more susceptible to earthquake loads.
• structural Loads

  Impact Load

  • Dynamic effect of a suddenly applied load, i.e. due to moving vehicles, weight of elevator machinery
  • Percentage increase of the live load due to impact is called the impact factor, I
• Structural Elements and Systems

  Structural Idealization - Replacing an actual

  structure with a simple system conducive to

  analysis
• Structural Design Considerations

  • Strength
  • Safety
  • Serviceability
  • Economic Constraints
  • Environmental Impact
  • Aesthetics
• Structural Design Considerations

  Strength

  • Strength of a structure depends on the strength of the materials from which it is made.
  • Strength of a material refers to the material's ability to resist an applied force.
• Structural Design Considerations

  Safety

  • Requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all loads that may foreseeably act on it
  • Can be ensured by a carrying just barely in of the known providing capacity excess loads
• Structural Design Considerations

  Serviceability

  • Pertains to the performance of structures under normal service loads and is concerned with such items as deflections, vibrations, cracking, and slipping
• Structural design Considerations

  Economy

  • Systematic evaluation of the economic merits of proposed solutions to engineering problems
  • Key issues:
  • Time value of money
  • Cash flows occurring at different times
  • “Designs” with different durations
• SDGs

  • 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
  • 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
  • 12 Responsible Consumption and Production
• CAREER OPPORTUNITIES: PICE SPECIALIST ACCREDITATION

  1. construction management and engineering
  2. environmental engineering
  3. geotechnical engineering
  4. structural engineering
  5. transportation engineering
  6. water resources and hydraulic engineering