Atomic Structure

• Particles & Radiation cover atomic structure, decay equations, classification of particles, conservation laws, the photoelectric effect, energy levels & photon emission, and waves.
• Mechanics & Materials cover scalars & vectors, moments, equations of motion, and Newton’s laws of motion.
• Bulk Properties of Solids cover density, Hooke's Law, stress & strain, elastic strain energy, elastic & plastic behaviour, and the Young Modulus.
• Waves cover longitudinal & transverse waves, stationary waves, interference, diffraction, and refraction.
• Measurements & Their Errors use SI Units & their prefixes, cover powers of ten, estimating physical quantities, and have limitations such as sources of uncertainty and calculating uncertainties.
• In physics 'specific' means a characteristic of a property of a specific substance per unit mass, length, area, volume etc.
• Specific charge is the ratio of a particle's charge to its mass, which can be calculated using the equation: Specific charge is measured in units of coulombs per kilogram (C kg -1 ).
• Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom while electrons orbit the nucleus.
• To calculate the specific charge of an ion, the charge is found by subtracting the total number of electrons added or removed from the charge of a proton or electron, and the mass is found by multiplying the total number of nucleons by the mass of a proton or neutron.
• The properties of each particle in SI units are shown in the table below:
• If there is a loss of electrons, the specific charge will be positive.
• The total charge and mass are calculated depending on whether you are calculating the specific charge for an ion or a nucleus.
• A stable atom is neutral (it has no charge).
• Since protons and electrons have the same charge, but opposite signs, a stable atom has an equal number of both for the overall charge to remain neutral.
• The relative properties of each particle are shown in the table below:
• The specific charge of the electron = ( e / me ) = 1.76 × 10 11 C kg -1
• The atoms of all elements are made up of three types of particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
• To calculate the specific charge of a nucleus, the charge is found by multiplying the total charge of the protons by the charge of a proton or electron, and the mass is found by multiplying the total number of nucleons by the mass of a proton or neutron.
• If there is a gain in electrons, the specific charge will be negative.
• The specific charge of the proton = ( e / mp ) = 9.58 × 10 7 C kg -1
• The number of nucleons is given by the mass number of the ion or nucleus.
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• Electric Potential is a property of an electric field.
• Mass Difference & Binding Energy are concepts in nuclear fusion & fission.
• Representing Gravitational Fields is a key concept in physics.
• Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit no electrical resistance.
• Resistance in a Thermistor is a key concept in electricity.
• Resistors in Series & Parallel are key concepts in circuits.
• Ideal Gases are a type of gas that follow certain laws.
• Electric Field Strength is a property of an electric field.
• Gas Laws are a set of relationships between certain variables.
• Gravitational Field Strength in a Radial Field is a key concept in physics.
• Circular Motion is a fundamental concept in mechanics & thermal physics.
• Electric Field Lines are a concept in electricity.
• Electric Fields are a type of force field.
• Gravitational Fields are a type of force field.
• Uniform Electric Field is a type of electric field.
• The Kelvin Scale & Absolute Zero are key concepts in thermodynamics.
• Radians, Angular Speed, Centripetal Acceleration, Centripetal Force are key concepts in mechanics & thermal physics.
• Forced Vibrations & Resonance are key concepts in mechanics & thermal physics.