animal responses

• the nervous system is made up of

  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
• central nervous system is made up of

  • brain
  • spinal cord
• peripheral nervous system is made up of

  • motor neurones
  • sensory neurones
• motor neurones connect the CNS to muscles and glands
• sensory neurones connect sensory organs to the CNS
• somatic nervous system control voluntary movements
• automatic nervous system controls involuntary responses
• sympathetic division is responsible for the fight or flight response
• parasympathetic division is responsible for rest and digestion
• dorsal root contains sensory neurones
• ventral root contains motor neurone
• grey matter in the spine contains non-myelinated neurones
• white matter in the spine contains myelinated neurones
• the neurotransmitter responsible for fight or flight is noradrenaline
• the neurotransmitter responsible for rest and digest is acetylcholine
• hypothalamus controls most of our homeostatic mechanisms
• autonomic ganglia contain cell bodies of motor neurones outside central nervous system
• preganglionic neuron carries action potentials from central nervous system to automatic ganglion
• automatic nervous system controls

  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • involuntary movemens
  • exocrine glands
• somatic nervous system

  • controls neurones that carry impulses to skeletal
  • contains neurons involved in typical reflex arc
  • responses are voluntary
  • contains motor neurones that carry impulse to internal organs
• autonomic nervous system

  • controls activity of smooth muscle
  • controls activity of endocrine glands
  • controls activity of cardiac muscles
  • subdivided ino parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
  • responses not voluntary
  • contains all sensory neurones
• sensory strip of the cerebal cortex recieves impulses from receptors
• motor strip of the cerebal cortex sends ipulses to effectors
• structure of the brain

  • cerebrum
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • medulla oblongata
  • cerebellum
• parasympathetic

  • decrease heart rate
  • constrict pupils
  • reduces ventilation
  • increases digestion
  • sexual arousal
• sympathetic

  • increase heart rate
  • dilate pupil
  • increases ventilation
  • reduces digestion
  • orgasm
• dilated pupils allow more light to enter the eye makes retina more sensitive
• metabolic rate increases so converts glucose to useable forms of energy like ATP
• a threat in the enviornment activates the hypothalamus

  • sympathetic nervous system
  • or
  • stimulates pituitary gland
• threat activates the hypothalamus

  • activates sympathetic nervous system
  • activates adrenal medulla to secrete noradrenaline and adreanline into blood
  • impulses also activate glands and smooth muscles
  • neural activity combines with hormones in the blood stream to create fight or flight response
• threat activates the hypothalamus

  • stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release CRF
  • pituitary glands secretes hormone ACTH
  • ACTH arrives at adrenal cortex and releases hormones
• hypothalamus is the control centre that monitors blood and helps maintain homeostasis
• cerebrum controls voluntary actions, thoughts, vision, speech, memory, problem solving
• cerebellum is responsible for muscle coordination and movement
• medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions like heart and breathing rate
• pituitary gland is responsible for regulating many body functions and all other glands
• cerebrum is the largest part of the brain
• cerebrum consists of five lobes
• cerebrum is divided into two halves = cererbral hemispheres

  joined together by a band of nerve fibres = corpus callosum
• the right hemishpere of the cerebrum controls the left half of the body

  the left hemispheres controls the right side