Genetics

• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are the 2 nitrogenous bases?

  Purines and pyrimidines
• what are the purines?


  Adenine and Guanine.
• what are the 3 types of pyrimidines?

  Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
• What is a nucleotide?

  A nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
• What makes up a nucleotide?

  sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
• What are the base pairs?

  Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine.
• How are the base pairs held together?

  Hydrogen bonds.
• how are nucleotides held together?

  Phosphodiester bonds (covalent bonds)
• What is DNA Polymerase's function?

  DNA replication
• What is Helicase's function?

  Unzipping DNA strands (breaks hydrogen bonds)
• What is Primase's function?

  Primase's function is to synthesize RNA primers during DNA replication. This shows DNA Polymerase where to start replication
• What is ligase's function?

  To join DNA fragments together
• label this diagram

  A) 3'

  B) 5'

  C) 5'

  D) 3'

  
• what is an Okazaki fragment?

  Short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
• label this diagram...

  A) original strand

  B) 3'

  C) 5'

  D) helicase

  E) gyrase

  F) single stranded binding protein

  G) 3'

  H) 5'

  I) DNA polymerase III

  J) 3'

  K) 5'

  L) leading strand

  M) RNA Primer

  N) DNA polymerase III

  O) DNA polymerase III

  P) DNA Ligase

  Q) okazaki fragment

  
• what is transcription?


  The process of converting DNA into mRNA.
• why turn DNA into mRNA?

  DNA cannot leave the nucleus
• where does transcription take place?

  nucleus
• what is translation?

  Turning mRNA into protein
• Where does translation take place?

  the cytoplasm on a ribosome
• What happens during translation?

  The process of converting the genetic code carried by mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.
• What does RNA stand for?

  Ribonucleic acid
• Label this chart

  A) Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  B) Ribonucleic Acid

  C) Nucleous only

  D) nucleus and cytoplasm

  E) Long nucleotide chain

  F) Short nucleotide chain

  G) double stranded

  H) One strand

  I) adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

  J) uracil replaces thymine

  
• What is initiation?

  RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter region upstream (before) the gene
• What is Elongation?

  The process of RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription.
• What is termination step in transcription?

  The termination step in transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase stops synthesizing RNA and detaches from the DNA template.
• What is the mRNA transcript?

  The mRNA transcript is a single-stranded RNA molecule that is synthesized from a DNA template during transcription.
• How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

  Through nuclear pores.
• What are splicosomes?

  Complexes of RNA and protein that remove introns from pre-mRNA during RNA splicing.
• What are exons?

  Coding sequences of DNA that are transcribed into mRNA and translated into proteins.
• What are introns?

  Non-coding regions of DNA.
• What is the template strand?

  The DNA strand that is used as a template for RNA synthesis.
• What is the coding strand?

  The coding strand is the DNA strand that has the same sequence as the mRNA transcript, except with thymine (T) instead of uracil (U).
• Label this diagram

  A) DNA

  B) Transcription

  C) nucleus

  D) mRNA

  E) Coding strand

  F) Template strand

  G) Translation

  H) Cytoplasm

  I) Ribosome

  J) tRNA

  K) tRNA

  L) protein

  M) cell membrane

  N) ribosome

  O) mRNA

  
• how many nucleotides are in a codon?

  Three
• Which way does DNA synthase travel?

  5' to 3'
• what does the m in mRNA stand for?

  messenger
• what is tRNA loaded with?

  amino acids
• What does tRNA have attached to it?

  anti codon