Bio 1002 Final

• Anatomy is the biological form of an organism.
• Physiology is the study of biological functions an organism performs.
• The shape of a body directly affects its abilities, hens the phrase "form determines function."
• An organism's physical traits are specific to the actions they perform.
• Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment.
• The body plan of an animal is programmed by the genome, which is the product of millions of years of evolution.
• Physical laws constrain strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange.
• As animals increase in size, skeletons must be proportionately larger to support their mass.
• Properties of water limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals.
• Evolutionary convergence is different species' adaptations to a similar environmental challenge.
• Material such as nutrients, waste products, and gases must be exchanged across the cell membranes of animal cells.
• The rate of exchange is proportional to a cell's surface area. The amount of exchanged material is proportional to a cell's volume.
• A single-celled protist in water has sufficient surface area to service its entire volume of cytoplasm.
• Multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only 2 cells thick.
• Flat animals (e.g., tapeworms) have most of their cells in direct contact with the environment.
• In more complex organisms, there are compact masses of cells with complex internal organization, leaving most cells not in direct contact with the environment.
• To allow for more efficient exchange, more complex organisms have specialized branched or folded structures to increase the surface area in contact with the environment as well as liquid moving substances to distant cells.
• In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid to allow for the movement of material in/out of cells.
• A complex body plan helps animals to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of their habitat.
• As a cell grows larger, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.
• Tissues are an integrated group of cells with a common structure and/or function.
• Most animals are composed of tissues, which make up organs, which together form organ systems.
• The main components of the digestive system are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and anus.
• The main function of the digestive system is to process food (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination).
• The main components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
• The main function of the circulatory system is the internal distribution of materials.
• The main components of the respiratory system is the lungs, trachea, and other breathing tubes.
• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide).
• The main components of the immune and lymphatic system are bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, and white blood cells.
• The main function of the immune and lymphatic system is body defense (fighting infections and cancer).
• The main components of the excretory system is kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
• The main function of the excretory system is the disposal of metabolic wastes and the regulation of osmotic balance of blood.
• The main components of the endocrine system is the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands.
• The main function of the endocrine system is the coordination of body activities (e.g., digestion and metabolism).
• The main components of the reproductive system is ovaries or testes and associated organs.
• The main function of the reproductive system is reproduction.
• The main components of the nervous system is the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs.
• The main function of the nervous system is the coordination of body activities; the detection of stimuli and formulation of a response to them.
• The main components of the integumentary system is the skin and its derivates (e.g., hair, claws, etc.)
• The main function of the integumentary system is protection against mechanical injury, infection, or dehydration and overall thermoregulation.