Nationalism/Liberation

• Simon Bolivar led the fight to liberate northern South America from Spain. However, power struggles among rival leaders triggered destructive civil wars after he tried to win independence
• Tupac Amaru organized a Native American revolt
• Toussaint L'Ouverture was a Haitian who helped free the enslaved and inspired others to fight for independence
• Jose de San Martin helped Argentina win freedom from Spain
• Jose Morelos was a Mestizo who called for wide-ranging social and political reform. He wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men.
• El Grito de Dolores was a speech by Miguel Hidalgo that called Mexicans to fight for independence and liberty
• Peninsulares - people born in Spain
• Peninsulares dominated Latin American political and social life. Only they could hold top jobs in government and the Church
• Creoles - Europeans who were born in the colonies
• Creoles resented their second-class status, and owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines
• Mestizos - people of Native American and European descent
• Mulattoes - people of African and European descent
• Both the Mestizos and the Mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power that were available to whites
• Native Americans suffered economic misery under the Spanish
• Realpolitik is realistic politics based on the needs of the state
• After Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria, Schleswig and Holstein were annexed by Prussia and Austria, and then divided among each other
• Alsace and Lorraine was won by Germany after the Franco - Prussian war
• Bismarck provoked France into the Franco - Prussian war by his editing of the “Ems dispatch.” Prussia, supported by other German states as well, destroyed the French. Led to Germany’s creation of the Second Reich, or empire.
• The Austro - Prussian War was caused by an invented excuse from Otto von Bismarck to break alliance. Ended in a Prussian victory and the annexation of Austria and several other north German states. After the war, Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia.
• The German Confederation was a weak alliance of the German states that was headed by Austria. Dissolved by Bismarck after the Austro - Prussian War
• William I was a Prussian emperor who made Bismarck the chancellor of Prussia. After the Franco - Prussian war he was chosen to take the title as the first Kaiser of the Second Reich
• Germany had plentiful iron and coal resources, the main ingredients for industrialization. A disciplined and educated workforce also helped the economy, and population growth provided a bigger market along with a larger supply of workers. Economic growth, along with advancements in science, government, and technology were the main factors in Germany’s rise to industrialization
• Bismarck wanted to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the state. To do so, he targeted the Catholic Church and the socialists.
• Bismarck had laws passed that gave the state the right to supervise Catholic education and approve the appointment of priests. Other laws closed some religious orders, expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, and made it required for couples to be married by civil authority
• Bismarck had laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings
• Bismarck wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria and Russia
• Social welfare is programs to help certain groups of people. Provided by William II’s government
• People’s Will was the Revolutionary group that assassinated officials and plotted to kill the czar.
• Refugees are people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere
• A pogrom is a violent mob attacks on Jews
• The October Manifesto was a speech from Nicholas I that was given after Bloody Sunday. He promised freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union. He also agreed to summon a Duma, or elected national legislature.
• Anarchists were people who want to abolish all government
• Cavour led Sardinia to join Britain, and France in the Crimean War against Russia. He negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon who promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria. Then, after provoked Austria into war he defeated them with France’s help, allowing him to annex Lombardy.
• Garibaldi was a long-time nationalist leader who wanted to create an Italian republic. He captured Sicily and Naples and turned them over to Victor Emmanuel
• Mazzini founded the secret society known as Young Italy. The goal was to make Italy free and independent. He also helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, before spending much of his life in exile.
• Risorgimento was a nationalist movement to unite Italy
• Victor Emmanuel II was the constitutional monarch of Sardinia. He made Cavour his prime minister. He was crowned the King of Italy in 1861 after Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to him.
• William II succeeded William I as Kaiser of Germany and King of Prussia. He asked Bismarck to resign, and believed that his right to rule came from god. While he resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms, he instituted social welfare programs for the people.
• The Kulturkampf was Launched by Bismarck in order to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Church. Ensured that the state had control over education and church matters.
• Bismarck used money collected for other purposes to strengthen the army