Reproduction

Created by

Dairn

Cards (78)

Why is reproduction essential?
It allows organisms to pass on their genes and ensure the continuity of their species
Who undergoes asexual reproduction
One parent (fungi, bacteria, plants, or animals)
What is the process of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis but they all undergo mitosis
What is binary fission?
Organisms divide into equal halves
What is budding?
Organism's offspring grows as a bud on the parent that grows until full size and then seperates
What is fragmentation?
Parent breaks into fragments- each of which turn into a new, identical offspring
What is parthenogenesis?
Reproduction with ovum that is not fertilized
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Lots of offspring in less time, saved energy and time to find mate
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Less genetic diversity as offspring are clones so less evolution and more susceptibility to environmental changes and high mortality to diseases
Who undergoes sexual reproduction?
2 parents, usually larger animals, complex organisms, and multi-organated organisms
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
It allows organisms' offsprings to adapt to changes in the environment and increases chances of evolution and hence, survival due to variability in genetics between individuals that allows for selection of favorable traits
What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
It takes time and energy to find a mate, only specific windows of time are fertile, and reproduction process is extensive and time consuming
Genetic variation in sexual reproduction happens in meiosis 1 when genetic material "crosses over" and are independently assorted
Hermaphrodites have both sexes
What are accessory organs?
Organs used for the transport and nourishment of sex gametes pre-fertilization (anything in system that are not gonads)
Why is sperm slightly acidic?
H+ ions from the prostate gland give sperm the energy to power their quick movements through the female reproductive system, making it acidic as a consequence
Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm from stem cells (spermatogonia) that divide via meiosis into 4 unique spermatids with 23 chromosomes each. They then build into the shape of a mature sperm in a process called spermogenesis.
Oogenesis is the production of oocytes from stem cells (oogonia) that divide into primary oocytes housed in follicles. At puberty, hormones stimulate a select few of the cells to mature into an egg cell that is enclosed into follicle that then degenerates into a corpus lutem after ovulation.
What does the uterus do?
Nourishes the developing fetus until birth
What do the oviducts/fallopian tubes do?
Allows for the travel of eggs from the ovaries to uterus/uterine body
What do ovaries do?
Produce egg cells and the female hormones (oestradiol and progesterone)
What does the vagina do?
It is a muscular canal that receives the penis during intercourse to allow sperm to travel through the cervix
What does the cervix do?
It is the lower uterus where blood flows during menstruation and widens during childbirth
What is the vulva?
The base of the vagina and first breach point
What is the endometrium?
The layer that supports the fertilization of eggs and is what is shed (along with unused eggs) during menstruation. It is the outmost layer that coats the uterine body
What is the perimetrium?
It is the outmost layer of the uterine body
What is the myometrium?
It is the middle layer of muscle narrowing the uterine body that helps child contractions and pushing out a baby
What is the Vas deferens?
It is a sperm duct that connects the testes to the penis
What is the urethra?
It is a common tube for both urine and sperm
What is the epididymis?
It is a highly coiled organ which serves as the site of sperm maturation and storage
What are the testes?
Site of sperm and testosterone production
What is the scrotum?
A sac that holds the testes and the epididymus and facilitates seprm production 2-3 degrees Celsius below the body temperature
What is the penis?
A muscular organ for sperm deliverance into the female reproductive system
What is the prostate gland?
A gland that produces fluid to thin and enhance the movement of sperm making it acidic. Sperm with fluid is called semen.
What are the seminal vesicles?
Vesicles that produces fluid to nourish sperm with sugars and proteins through its journey. Sperm with fluid is called semen
What are the bulbourethral glands?
Glands that produce an alkaline solution to neutralize the acidic semen created by the urethra.
anatomy of a penis
A) Urethra
B) Epididymus
C) Testes
D) Scrotum
E) Vas deferens
F) Prostate gland
G) Seminal vesicle
H) Bulbourethral glands
I) Urinary bladder
J) Erectile tissue
K) Penis
anatomy of a vagina
A) Oviducts / fallopian tubes
B) Uterine body
C) Fundus
D) Overy
E) Vagine
F) Cervix
G) Cervical cavity
H) Wall of uterus
I) Perimetrium
J) Myometrium
K) Endometrium
What is testosterone?
It is produced in the interstitial cells of the testes to mature reproductive organs and spur the development of secondary sex characteristics
What is oestrogen?
It is produced in the ovaries to mature reproductive organs and spur the development of secondary sex characteristics