IOCHEM Hydrocarbon Derivatives

• Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols are functional groups in organic chemistry.
• Alcohols use the same formats as alkanes for naming.
• To name an alcohol, determine the parent chain, number according to the end closest to the OH group regardless of where alkyl substituent’s are, and change the parent chain – ending and replace it with an – ol.
• Alcohols have first priority for naming over carbonyl groups such as ketones and aldehydes.
• When naming a cyclic structure, the - OH is assumed to be on the first carbon unless the carbonyl group is present, in which case the later will get priority at the first carbon.
• When multiple - OH groups are on the cyclic structure, number the carbons on which the - OH groups reside.
• Remove the final e from the parent alkane chain and add - ol.
• When multiple alcohols are present use di, tri, etc before the ol, after the parent name.
• In the IUPAC system, a compound containing multiple – OH group: the final - e in the name of the parent alkane is retained.
• Unsymmetrical secondary and tertiary amines are named as N-substituted primary amine.
• Give the name of the alkyl group and add the word alcohol.
• Many aromatic and heterocyclic amines are known by unique common names, the origins of which are often unknown to the chemists that use them frequently.
• The smaller group(s) bonded to nitrogen in an amine are named and their location on nitrogen is shown using the prefix N.
• These common names are not based on a rational system, making it necessary to memorize them.
• The largest group bonded to nitrogen in an amine is taken as the parent amine.
• Simply replace the alkane –e ending with –amine in IUPAC nomenclature.
• Aromatic amines are named as aniline.
• An isopropyl group is a portion of a molecular structure equivalent to propane minus one hydrogen atom from the middle carbon.
• An isobutyl group is a portion of a molecular structure equivalent to isobutane (2-methylpropane) minus one hydrogen atom from carbon one.
• Cyclohexan-1,4-diol is a glycol, named as 3-cyclohexeneol, where the alkene is in bold and indicated by numbering the carbon closest to the alcohol.
• In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the common name of a compound is derived from its original name.
• In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the common names for ketones are formed by naming both alkyl groups (separate) attached to the carbonyl then followed by the word ketone.
• In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the final -e of the alkane name is retained.
• Trace the original name of the compound as to the occurrence in nature.
• Examples of ketones include acetone, dimethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, dibutyl ketone, dimethyl ketone, and ethyl methyl ketone.
• Examples of ketone names include acetone, dimethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, dibutyl ketone, dimethyl ketone, and ethyl methyl ketone.
• In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the R-group in the chain is identified and the two groups (alkyl name) are attached to the word ketone.
• Examples of aldehydes include 3-butyne-2-ol, 2-methyl-3-butyne-2-ol, and 2-methyl-3-butyne-2-ol.
• In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the carbon attached to the -CHO group in a ring receives the #1 location number in naming the ring.
• If more than one of the same type of branched group is involved, use the prefixes di for 2, tri for three, etc.
• The penicillins are referred to as lactam antibiotics.
• Secondary amides are named by using an upper case 'N' to designate that the alkyl group is on the nitrogen atom, examples include N-methylpropanamide, N-methylpropanamide, and N,N-dimethylmethanamide.
• In 1° amine, one hydrogen atom of NH3 is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group, for example CH3NH2 or Methyl Amine.
• Cyclic amides are called Lactam.
• Many organic derivatives of ammonia are biologically active.
• Tertiary amides are named in the same way as secondary amides, but with two 'N's, for example N,N-dimethylformamide.
• Primary amides are named by using a lower case 'm' to designate that the alkyl group is on the end of the parent chain, examples include methanamide, formamide, ethanamide, and acetamide.
• Chemical Abstract Service/IUPAC rules for naming Amines: Identify the names of the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
• On the basis of the number of hydrogen atoms replaced in NH3 molecule, amines are categorized into three types: 1° or the Primary Amines, 2° or the Secondary Amines, and 3° or Tertiary Amines.
• The common name for simple amines names each alkyl substituent on nitrogen in alphabetical order, followed by the suffix - amine, for example Methylamine; Ethylamine; Propylamine; Butylamine.