Cell cycle

Cards (20)

  • What occurs in the G0 Phase?
    Also known as the quiescent phase or resting phase.
    • Cells may enter G0 due to differentiation, lack of growth signals, or DNA damage.
  • What occurs in the G1 phase?

     Cells in G1 phase undergo growth, increase in size, and carry out normal cellular functions.
  • What occurs in the S phase?
    • The cell duplicates its genetic material (DNA) to prepare for cell division.
    • Each chromosome is replicated to form two identical sister chromatids.
  • What occurs in the G2 phase?
    Cells continue to grow in size and prepare for cell division.
    • During this phase, the cell checks for DNA errors and repairs any damage before entering mitosis.
  • What is the first stage of mitosis?
    Prophase
    • DNA coils and condenses to form chromosomes
    • Nuclear membrane disappears
    • Spindle fibers form out of centrosomes (2 centrioles)
  • What is the second phase of mitosis?
    Metaphase
    • Spindle fibers attaked to kinetocores on the centtometers
  • What is the third phase of Mitosis?
    Anaphase
    • Spindle fibers shorten pulling sister chromatids apart
  • What is the forth phase of mitosis?
    Telophase
    • Chromosomes reach the poles
    • New nuclear membrane form around chromatids
  • What is Cytokenisis?
    The division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
  • What are chromosomes+how does it work?
    Single rod, usually in loose mass inside of the nucleus of a cell
    • During interphase, the chromatin tightens up, forming the 46 chromosomes
    • These chromosomes undergo replication during the S phase forming an x shape, 46 double-stranded (each stand = chromatids) 
  • what is a centrosome?
    Organelle, Microtubules organizing cell
  • What is the job of centrioles?
    Centrioles play a crucial role in cell division
    • Formation of the mitotic spindle during mitosis and cytokinesis
    • During cell division the centriole duplicates, each pair migrates to the opposite ends of the cell, forming the poles of the mitotic spindle
  • What are microtubules?
    -General term for hollow cylindrical structures made of protein.
    -Provide structural support, facilitate intracellular transport, and form the mitotic spindle during cell division.
  • What are spindle fibers?
    -Specific type of microtubule that forms the mitotic spindle.
    -Responsible for proper chromosome segregation during cell division
  • What are nerve cells+mature nervel cells?
    Mature nerve cells (neurons) have a low rate of division and replication in the human body
    • Majority of neurons do not undergo mitosis once mature
  • What are muscle cells(mature)?
    Mature muscle cells also known as myocytes or muscle fibers have limited ability divide and replicate
    • Do not undergo frequent mitosis
  • How are red blood cells formed?
    Hemoglobin
    Formed from bone marrow stem cells
    • infinite lifetime
  • What are stem cells?
    • No specific structures or functions 
    • Uses it to replace worn-out cells when they die 
    • Tissue-specific stem cells replace existing cells in organs as they wear out
    • Regenerative medicine 
    • Developed into any kind of tissue in the body
  • Why do cells divide?
    • To create new life ; Zygote divided to become balls of cells
    • To help organism grow; adding cells make organisms grow bigger
    • To replace old cells; different cells divide at different rates
  • Explain the Apoptosis process.
    • Self-destruction
    • If the cell can not fix any eros in DNA duplication, the cell may self-destruct 
    • Cells damages stressed or triggered by body signals is the beginning
    • Cell begins to shrink and form blebs 
    • Enzymes break down the nucleus and attracts macrophages
    • Cell breaks into several smaller pieces containing cell components and destroyed nucleus
    • Macrophages recognice cell parts and remove them from the body