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Unit 3
Cell cycle
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What occurs in the G0 Phase?
Also known as the
quiescent
phase or
resting
phase.
Cells may enter G0 due to
differentiation
,
lack
of
growth signals
, or
DNA damage.
What occurs in the
G1 phase
?
Cells
in
G1 phase
undergo
growth
,
increase
in
size
, and
carry out normal cellular functions.
What occurs in the S phase?
The cell duplicates its genetic material (DNA) to prepare for cell division.
Each
chromosome
is
replicated
to form
two identical sister chromatids.
What occurs in the G2 phase?
Cells continue to
grow
in
size
and
prepare
for
cell division.
During this phase, the cell checks for
DNA errors
and
repairs
any
damage
before entering
mitosis.
What is the first stage of mitosis?
Prophase
DNA coils
and
condenses
to form
chromosomes
Nuclear membrane disappears
Spindle fibers
form
out
of
centrosomes
(
2 centrioles
)
What is the second phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
Spindle fibers attaked
to
kinetocores
on the
centtometers
What is the third phase of Mitosis?
Anaphase
Spindle fibers shorten pulling sister chromatids apart
What is the forth phase of mitosis?
Telophase
Chromosomes
reach the
poles
New nuclear membrane form around chromatids
What is Cytokenisis?
The division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
What are chromosomes+how does it work?
Single rod, usually in loose mass inside of the nucleus of a cell
During interphase, the chromatin tightens up, forming the 46 chromosomes
These chromosomes undergo replication during the S phase forming an x shape, 46 double-stranded (each stand = chromatids)
what is a centrosome?
Organelle
,
Microtubules organizing cell
What is the job of centrioles?
Centrioles play a crucial role in cell division
Formation of the
mitotic spindle
during
mitosis
and
cytokinesis
During
cell
division the
centriole duplicates
, each pair
migrates
to the
opposite ends
of the cell, forming the
poles
of the
mitotic spindle
What are microtubules?
-General term for
hollow cylindrical structures
made of
protein.
-Provide
structural support
, facilitate
intracellular transport
, and form the
mitotic spindle
during
cell division.
What are spindle fibers?
-Specific type of microtubule that forms the mitotic spindle.
-Responsible for proper
chromosome segregation
during
cell division
What are nerve cells+mature nervel cells?
Mature nerve cells
(
neurons
) have a
low rate
of
division
and
replication
in the
human body
Majority
of
neurons
do not undergo
mitosis
once
mature
What are muscle cells(mature)?
Mature muscle cells also known as
myocytes
or
muscle fibers
have
limited ability divide
and
replicate
Do not undergo frequent mitosis
How are red blood cells formed?
Hemoglobin
Formed from bone marrow stem cells
infinite
lifetime
What are stem cells?
No specific structures
or
functions
Uses it to
replace worn-out cells
when they
die
Tissue-specific stem cells
replace
existing cells
in
organs
as they
wear out
Regenerative medicine
Developed into
any kind
of
tissue
in the
body
Why do cells divide?
To
create new life
;
Zygote divided
to become
balls
of
cells
To help
organism grow
;
adding
cells make
organisms grow bigger
To
replace old cells
;
different cells
divide at
different rates
Explain the Apoptosis process.
Self-destruction
If the cell can not fix any
eros
in
DNA duplication
, the cell may
self-destruct
Cells damages stressed or
triggered
by
body signals
is the
beginning
Cell begins to
shrink
and
form blebs
Enzymes break down
the
nucleus
and
attracts macrophages
Cell
breaks into several smaller pieces containing
cell
components
and
destroyed nucleus
Macrophages recognice cell
parts and
remove
them from the body