Culture & Identity Notes B

• ilt, masculine & Culture & Identity
• In some countries, homosexuality is considered unacceptable and homosexuals get punished because of their sexual orientation.
• Gender identities are formed through various ways, including sexuality.
• In Western countries, the normal sexuality is that of heterosexuality.
• Mulvey argues that the woman is an object where men gaze at her, especially in the media, which is known as the male gaze.
• Sexuality has always been a central port of the stereotypical feminine figure, where women need to be desired, attractive, and portrayed as sex objects.
• Debattista explores identity through interactions, reflecting on themselves and their identity story.
• Giddens views identity as a biographical story, with the individual as the author and continuously working and reflecting on the experience that they go through in life.
• Social class is the way individuals are divided into different groups in society, sharing similar economic situation, occupation level & income.
• The rise of gay movements has led to changes in men's sexual identities, allowing for more caring and less macho attitudes.
• Moles are often seen to conform to the 'macho' identity due to societal expectations of males being strong and masculine.
• Men's bodies have become sexuolised like those of females.
• These sexual orientations are sometimes seen as having spoiled or stigmotized identities, resulting in bullying and discrimination.
• Homophobia refers to irrational hatred, intolerance, and fear of lesbian, gay, bisexual people.
• Men face pressures similar to those faced by females in terms of appearance and body image.
• The media is portraying different ideas on sexual identities, including including gay/lesbian actors and roles in the script.
• Guy and lesbian identities are becoming more accepted and embraced, with countries legalizing civil union and gay marriage.
• In some countries, individuals who do not have a heterosexual sexual orientation are considered deviant people.
• According to McRobbie, "the beauty states have gone op for men, and women have taken op the position of active viewers".
• Ms. Debattista explores the complexities of culture and identity in her work.
• Different sexual orientations are now recognized, including homosexuals, bisexual, transgender, transvestite, and more.
• People still face constraints in choosing their sexual identities, with homophobia being a common issue.
• Goffman's impression management theory is used by individuals with different sexual orientations to portray an image acceptable in society.
• Different individuals from different social classes have different life chances.
• Those found in the upper class have more chance of having a more decent life than those found in lower classes.
• They often bring up their children according to their gender.
• Oakley identified four processes during primary socialization: Manipulation, Conformation, Verbal Appellations, and Differential Activity Exposure.
• If we go against these hegemonic gender identities, we are laughed at or looked down upon.
• Verbal Appellations in primary socialization is when boys and girls are directed towards different language and praise.
• Differential Activity Exposure in primary socialization is when boys and girls are directed towards different activities.
• Parents and relatives tend to hold stereotyped views of the typical or ideal characteristics of boys and girls.
• Conformation in primary socialization is when boys and girls are directed towards different toys and games.
• Connell argues that the female and male stereotypes are hegemonic gender identities, the dominant idea of how a man or female are supposed to be and act.
• Manipulation in primary socialization is when children are taught to behave according to their gender.
• The traditional working class declined throughout the years because the industries were closing down and disappearing, like in Britain.
• Ms. Debattista discusses culture and identity through the lens of the lower-middle class, known as 'white collar' workers, who work in routine, non-manual work like clerical and sales staff.
• The working class is divided into two: the traditional working class and the new working classes.
• The new working class is the largest section of the working class today, characterized by a home-centred lifestyle, having little involvement with neighbours.
• The working class is one of the largest social classes, referring to manual work which involves physical effort, mainly work with hands, like factory or laboring work.
• These individuals have limited promotion prospects.