Plant and Animal tissues

• Tissue system: functional unit that connects all of the plant organs
• Where are tissue system found?


  Plant organs (roots, stem, leaf)
• The three types of tissue systems are the Dermal tissue system, Vascular tissue system, Ground tissue system
• The Dermal tissue system is the outer protective covering, and it forms the first line of defense against damage and pathogens of the plant.
• The Vascular tissue system carries out the transport of materials between the root and shoot systems of the plant
• The Ground tissue system is neither dermal or vascular.

  • It provides support to the plant
  • function in storage and metabolism
• The type of tissue system is classified based on their ability to generate new cells
• The 2 major types of plant tissues are Meristematic and Permanent.
• Meristematic Tissue

  • undifferentiated living tissue composed of actively dividing cells that form other types of plant tissues
  • cells are thin walled with abundant cytoplasm
• The 2 types of meristematic tissue are Lateral and Apical
• Apical meristem

  • found on growing tips of plants & in buds
  • makes plants grow taller or longer (primary growth)
• Lateral meristem

  • aka vascular cambium & cork cambium
  • found along the length of roots and stems
  • makes the plant grow thicker (secondary growth)
• Permanent Tissue

  • non-dividing tissue
  • composed of tissue that has stopped growing
  • may be living or dead
• There are two types of permanent tissue, Simple and Complex.
• Simple tissues are only composed of one type of cell.
• Complex tissues are made up of many different types of cells that work together to carry out a specific function. It forms a continuous system from root to leaves
• There are 3 types of simple permanent tissue, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma.
• parenchyma

  • living tissue with thin-walled cells & sufficient cytoplasm
  • performs most of metabolic functions
  • synthesizes & stores various organic products
  • provides support
• collenchyma

  • with elongated cells; thick primary walls
  • provides support to young parts of plant shoot
  • provides flexible support (does not restrain growth)
• sclerenchyma

  • Secondary cell wall is thick & with lignin
  • mainly provides support
  • can withstand strains
  • protects inner cells from damage
  • dead cells
• The 2 types of complex tissues are Phloem and Xylem
• xylem

  • conducting tissue
  • transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
  • mostly dead cells with different structure
• phloem

  • conducting tissue
  • transports food from leaves to different parts of plants
  • mostly living cells with different structures
• There are 4 types of animal tissues, epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
• Ephiletial

  • made of thin cells cover the body, organs, blood vessels & all body cavities
  • classified based on number of layers
  • Simple
  • Stratified
  • shape of individual cells
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
• Secretory --> cuboidal (kidney tubules, glands)
• Absorptive --> simple columnar (intestines)
• Gas exchange --> simple squamous (blood vessels, air sacs)
• protection -->stratified squamous
• Lining of respiratory tract --> pseudostratified
• Connective Tissue

  • composed of cells that vary widely in form & function
  • mostly support the body & form the structure
  • Holds organs together & in place
  • Consists of sparse population of cells scattered thru an

  extracellular matrix

  • composed of protein fibers & ground substance (liquid,

  jellylike, or solid foundation)
• There are 6 types of connective tissues, loose/areolar, fibrous, adipose, bone, cartilage, and blood.
• loose/areolar connective tissue

  • found throughout the body
  • holds organs in place
  • acts as packing material
• fibrous connective tissue

  • dense connective tissue
  • mainly made up of collagen fibers
  • provides resistance to stretching and strength
  • acts as shock absorber
  • found in tendons & ligaments
• Adipose connective tissue

  • specialized loose connective tissue
  • composed of fat storage cells
  • facilitates energy storage
  • provides padding and insulation
• Bone connective tissue

  • hardest connective tissue
  • provides protection, strength, and support
• Cartilage connective tissue

  • composed of collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex (chondroitin sulfate)
  • strong yet flexible
  • reduces friction between bones
  • provide support, structure and strength
• blood

  • Liquid ECM (plasma) --> water, salts, dissolved proteins
  • Cellular components:
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) --> transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients
  • Leukocytes (WBCs) --> for defense
  • Platelets --> aid in blood clotting
• Muscle tissue

  • composed of cells that possess contractile

  filaments that change the size of the cell

  • Facilitates movement by contraction of each

  muscle cell
• Skeletal muscle tissue

  • striated; attached to bones by tendons
  • possess cells with many nuclei
  • responsible for voluntary movements