WK5 - Organic Chemistry

• An organic compound is a compound made from carbon atoms, has one or more C atoms, has many H atoms, and may also contain O, S, N and halogens.
• Typical organic compounds contain carbon, have covalent bonds, have low melting points, have low boiling points, are flammable, are soluble in nonpolar solvents, and are not soluble in water.
• Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound used as a fuel.
• NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+ and Cl-ions.
• Propane is an organic compound, but NaCl is not because propane has carbon atoms and NaCl does not.
• Organic compounds typically have a high melting point, are not soluble in water, have a formula CH3-CH2-CH3, and have a formula MgCl2.
• Inorganic compounds typically have a low melting point, are soluble in water, have a formula CH3-CH2-CH3, and have a formula MgCl2.
• Boiling points of alkanes are the lowest of organic compounds, increase with larger molecules due to increased dispersion forces, decrease for branched alkanes, and increase for cycloalkanes.
• Alkanes with 5-17 carbon atoms are pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane, and are liquids at room temperature.
• Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms are methane, ethane, propane, and butane, and are gases at room temperature.
• Alkanes are nonpolar, insoluble in water, less dense than water, and flammable in air.
• Alkanes with 18 or more carbon atoms are waxy solids at room temperature and are used in waxy coatings of fruits and vegetables.
• Alkanes are referred to by IUPAC names.
• For the pair of hydrocarbons butane or octane, octane has more carbon atoms.
• In carbon compounds, carbon has 4 valence electrons and hydrogen has 1, and to achieve an octet, C forms four bonds.
• The names of alkanes are determined by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system and use a prefix to indicate the number of carbons in a chain.
• Cyclopentane has the structural formula CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2.
• The name of a compound is determined by its molecular formula.
• Cycloalkanes are cyclic alkanes that have 2H fewer than the open chain and are named by using the prefix cyclo- before the name of the alkane chain with the same number of carbon atoms.
• Carbon atoms in a chain maintain tetrahedral shape, are connected in a zig-zag pattern, and can be written in several conformations.
• The condensed structural formula of pentane is CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3.
• Alkanes are written with structural formulas that are expanded to show each bond and condensed to show each carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms.
• The condensed formula for a compound is the same as its molecular formula.
• The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are usually represented by geometric figures.
• The properties of alkanes include being; nonpolar, insoluble in water, less dense than water, flammable in air.