acids, bases and salts.

• What does the pH scale measure?

  How acidic or alkaline a solution is
• What is the range of the pH scale?

  0 to 14
• What pH value indicates a neutral solution?

  7
• What is the pH of stomach acid?

  Around 2
• What is the pH of acid rain?

  Around 4
• What is the pH of washing up liquid?

  Around 9
• What is the pH of bleach?

  Around 12
• What are indicators used for in measuring pH?

  They change color depending on the pH
• What is a wide range indicator?

  Indicators that change color across a wide pH range
• How does universal indicator display pH levels?

  Colors range from red to bluey purple
• How is pH measured using a probe?

  By dipping the probe into a solution
• What is the benefit of using a pH probe?

  It provides more accurate and precise measurements
• How is an acid defined?

  Substance with pH less than 7
• What do acids release in water?

  Hydrogen ions
• How is a base defined?

  Substance with pH greater than 7
• What is an alkali?

  A base that dissolves in water
• What ions do alkalis form in water?

  Hydroxide ions (OH⁻)
• What happens in a neutralization reaction?

  Acid and base produce salt and water
• What is formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?

  Sodium chloride and water
• What is the pH of the products in a neutralization reaction?

  7
• What are the main acids mentioned?

  Hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid
• What are common bases mentioned?

  Sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate
• Why is it useful to learn common acids and bases?

  They frequently appear in various contexts
• What are the key characteristics of acids and bases?

  • Acids: pH less than 7, release H⁺ ions
  • Bases: pH greater than 7, accept H⁺ ions
  • Alkalis: soluble bases, form OH⁻ ions in water
• What is the process of neutralization?

  • Acid reacts with base
  • Produces salt and water
  • pH of products is 7 (neutral)
• How do indicators and pH probes differ in measuring pH?

  Indicators:

  • Change color based on pH
  • Subjective interpretation

  
  

  pH Probes:

  • Provide numerical readings
  • More accurate and precise