World History FINAL EXAM

• Bill of Rights: A document outlining the freedoms a people have; determines people's political freedoms in a Limited Monarchy and Representative Democracy
• Autocracy: A type of Government in which person rules
• Limited Monarchy: A form of government where power is limited by law, constitution or custom.
• Constitution: The basic principles governing a nation state
• Democracy: A type of Government in which many people rule
• Separation of Powers: When different branches of government exist to divide and check governmental authority (Montesquieu's idea)
• Salons: Rooms in the houses of wealthy ladies in Paris where philosophers met to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment
• Absolute Monarchy: All power to a king/queen, chosen by divine right, until they die or abdicate
• Military Dictatorship: Military officer is the head of state and decision making in this autocratic form of government
• Oligarchy: Rule by a small group of leaders who are wealthy and intelligent
• Representative Democracy: Government with elected officials, a Constitution, and Bill of Rights -- US is an example of one
• Direct Democracy: Government decisions voted on directly by citizens
• Anarchy: Lack of any organized government; ends when people organize and a government is formed.
• Coup d'Etat: A sudden change in government, often by force from within the government (Overthrow a leader)
• Abdication: When a king or queen gives up their power
• Divine Right: Source of power for a King or Queen, God has given the family the authority to rule
• Deism: Belief that God created a logical universe with natural laws for humans to discover and apply
• Declaration of Independence: American document which states our nation's principals; based on the ideals of John Locke
• Enlightenment: Philosophers questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change
• Social Contract: View held by Locke and Rousseau that stated an agreement existed between the rulers and the ruled
• Plato: Greek philosopher who believed "Philosopher-Kings" should rule the country
• Voltaire: Philosopher who promoted free speech and opposed absolutism; criticized the Catholic Church
• John Locke: English philosopher supported democracy & believed people have the ability to reason
• Baron de Montesquieu: French philosopher advocated for the separation of power in government
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Swiss philosopher who believed that people are born good but corrupted by society; wanted a direct democracy
• Mary Wollstonecraft: Philosopher who believed in gender equality; wanted an end of slavery and supported a democracy
• Cesare Beccaria: Philosopher who opposed cruel punishment for prisoners and public executions‬
• Aristotle: Greek philosopher who believed the rulers should come from the middle class; distrusted the wealthy and poor
• Denis Diderot: Philosopher who assembled the first encyclopedia and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
• Adam Smith: In his book, The Wealth of Nations, he argued in favor of "Laissez-Faire", meaning that the government should stay not interfere with the economy
• Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher who believed men were wicked, needed a strong government to maintain authority (Absolute Monarchy)
• Isaac Newton: His discoveries in math and science showed evidence that the universe followed natural laws, influencing the Philosophers of the Enlightenment
• Rousseau: Direct Democracy ideal form of Government
• Marie Louise: Napoleon's second wife, Austrian's Emperor's daughter and the niece of Marie Antoinette
• King Louis XIV: Known as the Sun King, built Versailles after The Fronde scared him
• King Louis XVI: King of France at the start of the French Revolution
• Marie Antoinette: She lost her head during the Reign of Terror, viewed as a traitor to the Revolution when Austria (her family) attacked France
• Robespierre:Leader of the Radical Republic
• Napoleon: Leader of France, invaded Russia
• King Louis XVIII: Leader of France after Napoleon