Topic 1 – Key concepts in biology

Cards (71)

  • What are prokaryote cells?
    Simple Cells with no nucleus.
  • What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
    Bacterium
  • what are Eukaryote cells?

    Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (Complex cells).
  • What is an example of a Eukaryotic cell? 

    Animal and Plant cells.
  • What are the subcellular structures found in an animal cell?
    Nucleus, mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Ribosomes.
  • What are the subcellular structures found in a plant cell?

    Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Cell wall, Vacuole, chloroplasts.
  • What are the subcellular structures found in a Bacterial cell?

    Chromosomal DNA, Ribosomes, Cell membrane, Plasmid DNA, Flagellum.
  • What is the function of a Nucleus?
    Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the cell's activities.
  • What is the function of the cell membrane?
    Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
  • What is the function of Mitochondria?
    Aerobic respiration, where energy is released (From Glucose and Oxygen).
  • What is the function of the Ribosome?
    Protein synthesis - The production of Certain Animo acids to form a certain type of protein.
  • What is the function of the Cell wall?
    Provides structural support using cellulose and is found in plant cells only.
  • What is the function of the vacuole?
    Stores cell sap containing water, sugars, and minerals. It is found in plant cells only.
  • What is the function of Chromosomal DNA?
    Contains genetic information for cell functions and is found in Bacterial Cells only.
  • What is the function of the cytoplasm?
    A solvent in which chemical reactions take place.
  • what is the function of a chloroplast?
    Photosynthesis - the production of glucose (Used for energy) in plants.
  • What is the function of Plasmid DNA?
    Contains additional genes, often for antibiotic resistance that can be inherited.
  • What is the function of a Flagellum?
    Movement.
  • Give 3 adaptations for a sperm cell:
    Haploid Nucleus: Carries half the number of chromosomes (23) to combine with the egg's nucleus during fertilisation.
    Mitochondria: Provides energy for the sperm to swim to the egg.
    Tail: Propels the sperm towards the egg for fertilisation.
  • Give 3 adaptations of an egg cell:
    - Haploid cell.
    - Contains a lot of nutrients in the cytoplasm.
    - the cell membrane changes structure right after fertilisation to prevent another sperm cell from entering.
  • How are Ciliated Epithelial Cells specialised?
    - They are found on the surface of some organs.
    - They contain cilia (hair-like structures) at the top surface of the cell.
    - They move substances in one direction.
  • What is a light microscope?
    A microscope that uses visible light to magnify and observe small objects or organisms.
  • What is an electron microscope?
    Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light to achieve higher magnification and resolution.
  • Eyepiece (Ocular Lens): Magnifies the image produced by the objective lens.
  • Objective Lens: Magnifies the specimen; microscopes typically have multiple objective lenses with different magnification levels.
  • Stage: Supports the slide or specimen being observed.
  • Stage Clips: Holds the slide in place on the stage.
  • Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used for initial focusing by moving the stage up or down.
  • Fine Adjustment Knob: Allows precise focusing to obtain a clear image.
  • Illuminator (Light Source): Provides light to illuminate the specimen.
  • Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
  • Base: Provides stability and support for the microscope.
  • Arm: Used to carry and support the microscope.
  • What is magnification?
    The amount of times an image is magnified.
  • Total magnification = magnification of objective lens x magnification of eyepiece lens
  • magnification = image size/real size.
  • What are enzymes?
    Biological catalysts that speed up a reaction.
  • Active Site: The active site on the enzyme's surface binds with the substrate, providing a specific three-dimensional environment.
  • Enzyme-Substrate Complex Formation: The substrate, a specific molecule, fits into the enzyme's active site, forming the enzyme-substrate complex for a precise interaction.
  • Catalysis of Reaction: The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the substrate into products once bound to the active site, lowering the activation energy.