controversies - cultural bias

• What is defined as a group of people sharing similar beliefs and values?

  Cultural group
• What does cultural bias refer to in psychology?

  Judging behaviors by one's own cultural standards
• What are the forms of cultural bias in psychology?

  • Inappropriate application of theories across cultures
  • Biased research methods with unrepresentative samples
  • Predominance of Western participants in studies
• What percentage of research samples in psychology were from Western countries according to Heinrich et al.?

  96%
• What does 'etic' refer to in psychological research?

  Research studying cross-cultural differences
• What does 'emic' refer to in psychological research?

  Research studying one culture in depth
• What is imposed etic?

  Theories considered universal based on one culture
• What is imposed emic?

  Culture-specific ideas wrongly applied to another culture
• What is alpha bias?

  Exaggeration of differences between genders
• What is beta bias?

  Theories that ignore sex differences
• What is cultural relativism?

  Understanding behaviors in their cultural context
• What does Eurocentric mean?

  Bias favoring Western European views
• What does Afrocentric refer to?

  Research from the perspective of African history
• What is individualism?

  Emphasis on individual rights and independence
• What is collectivism?

  Emphasis on group membership over individuality
• What are the aims of cross-cultural studies in psychology?

  • Investigate cultural practices' effects on behavior
  • Determine if behaviors are universal or culturally specific
• What did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg study?

  Attachment styles across different cultures
• What was the finding regarding secure attachment in cultures?

  Secure attachment was most common globally
• How did attachment styles differ between individualistic and collectivist cultures?

  Individualistic cultures had more anxious-avoidant attachments
• What did Cole et al. find about object sorting in the Kpelle tribe?

  They sorted objects by function, not category
• What are the advantages of cross-cultural studies?

  • Investigate universal behavioral patterns
  • Establish links to development factors
  • Generalize findings across cultures
  • Understand innate human behavior
• What are the disadvantages of cross-cultural studies?

  • Expensive and time-consuming
  • Potential researcher bias
  • Language barriers and misunderstandings
  • Observer bias
  • Tools may be culturally biased
  • Ignore subcultural differences
• What is ethnocentrism?

  Judging other cultures by one's own standards
• What is Eurocentrism in psychology?

  Emphasis on Western values in research
• What are the biases introduced by Hare-Mustin and Maracek?

  • Alpha bias: exaggerates cultural differences
  • Beta bias: ignores cultural differences
• What is the impact of alpha bias on psychological research?

  It may overlook universal behaviors
• What is the impact of beta bias on psychological research?

  It may ignore significant cultural differences
• What did Rosenzweig find about psychology researchers?

  64% were American
• What did Haggbloom et al. find about the greatest psychologists?

  Less than 20% were non-American
• What did Smith and Bond find about psychological studies?

  66% were from America
• How has culture changed over time in psychology?

  Western views are becoming more universal
• What does Bowlby’s study of the 44 thieves illustrate?

  Society's changing views on caregiving
• What improvements can reduce cultural bias in psychology?

  • Teach psychology in more countries
  • Include diverse samples in research
  • Encourage Indigenous psychology