Digestion, Absorption and metabolism

• Energy balance occurs when the caloric value of food ingested equals the calories expended.
• A woman weighing 110 pounds is estimated to have a basal metabolic energy requirement of 1,080 calories.
• The Enormous Omelet Sandwich from Burger King contains 730 calories, 47g of fat, 43g of carbs, 32g of protein, and 1,860mg of sodium.
• There is no Recommended Dietary Allowance for energy as intakes above the EER would likely result in weight gain.
• The MyPyramid Food Intake Patterns provide estimated daily calorie needs based on age, gender, and activity level.
• The Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese from McDonald's contains 770 calories, 47g of fat, 39g of carbs, 46g of protein, and 1,440mg of sodium.
• A person who consumes fewer calories than they burn usually loses weight.
• The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is the dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a healthy adult.
• The average daily energy requirement of an individual depends on their BMR (REE) and activities.
• The Fabulous French Toast Platter from Denny's contains 1,261 calories, 79g of fat, 110g of carbs, 44g of protein, and 2,495mg of sodium.
• The lymphatic system transports fat-soluble substances from the small intestine to the vascular system.
• Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose in the liver.
• In the large intestine, water is absorbed, some B vitamins and vitamin K are synthesized, and food residue is collected.
• After digestion and absorption, nutrients are changed into energy through metabolism.
• Each villus contains blood capillaries and lacteals, which absorb nutrients from the chyme and transfer them to the bloodstream.
• Glucose, fructose, galactose, amino acids, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by the capillaries.
• Undigested food is excreted as feces through the rectum.
• Oxidation is the process of combining nutrients with oxygen within cells.
• The inner surface of the small intestine has mucosal folds, villi, and microvilli to increase the surface area for maximum absorption.
• Anabolism is the process of using released energy to build new substances.
• Lacteals absorb glycerol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
• Villi are fingerlike projections in the small intestine that have microvilli, which are sensitive to the nutrient needs of the body.
• Fiber promotes the health of the large intestine and helps produce softer stools and more frequent bowel movements.
• Energy released during oxidation is measured by calories.
• Metabolism involves the combination of carbohydrates and proteins with oxygen in a process called oxidation.
• The goal for a healthy person is energy balance, where the number of calories consumed matches the number of calories required for one's BMR and activity.
• The body requires fuel, similar to an automobile engine.
• After digestion, nutrients are transported by the blood and lymphatic system to all body tissues.
• Adipose tissue helps regulate body temperature, similar to how insulation regulates the temperature of a building.
• An excess of adipose tissue leads to obesity, which can endanger health by putting extra burdens on body organs and systems.
• Adipose tissue is necessary to protect the body and support its organs.
• If someone takes in more calories than they burn, the body stores them as adipose tissue (fat).
• Clients may make broad statements about their bodies, and it is important for healthcare professionals to ask appropriate questions to gather more specific information.
• Food acts as fuel and undergoes processes such as digestion, absorption, and metabolism to become usable.
• Caloric values of foods vary, as do people's energy requirements, which depend on various factors such as age, body size, sex, lean body mass, physical condition, climate, and activity.
• Healthcare professionals must continually educate themselves to provide accurate information to their clients.
• Enzymes are essential for chemical digestion.
• The stomach functions include temporary storage of food, mixing of food with gastric juices, controlled emptying of food into the intestine, secretion of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12, and destruction of bacteria.
• Chyme moves through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, then passes through the jejunum and ileum.
• The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes to digest proteins, starches, and fats.