The effects of lung disease

• What is tidal volume?

  Amount of air breathed in each breath
• What is the average tidal volume?

  About 0.4 decimeters cubed
• What is ventilation rate?

  Number of breaths per minute
• What is the average ventilation rate at rest?

  About 15 breaths per minute
• What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?

  Maximum volume of air exhaled in one second
• What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

  Maximum air volume exhaled after deep breath
• How do FEV1 and FVC differ?

  FEV1 is exhaled in one second, FVC is total
• How do you calculate ventilation rate?

  Tidal volume times breathing rate per minute
• What is the average tidal volume for females?

  3.1 decimeters cubed
• What is the average tidal volume for males?

  4.6 decimeters cubed
• What does a spirometer measure?

  Volume of gas in the lungs
• What is residual volume?

  Air that remains in lungs after exhalation
• How does breathing affect the spirometer's readings?

  Inhalation raises, exhalation lowers the reading
• How do you calculate percentage change in FEV?

  Change divided by original value times 100
• Why do lung diseases cause tiredness and weakness?

  Reduced oxygen diffusion decreases energy production
• What is tuberculosis?

  A disease affecting the lungs, often latent
• What happens during active tuberculosis?

  Immune system forms tubercles around bacteria
• What are common symptoms of tuberculosis?

  Persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain
• How does tuberculosis affect tidal volume?

  Reduces tidal volume, increases ventilation rate
• What is fibrosis?

  Condition with scar tissue in lungs
• How does fibrosis affect lung function?

  Thicker tissue reduces diffusion and tidal volume
• What are common symptoms of fibrosis?

  Shortness of breath, dry cough, chest pain
• What triggers asthma?

  Allergic reactions causing airway inflammation
• How does asthma affect airflow?

  Inflamed airways reduce lumen space for air
• What is the role of an inhaler in asthma?

  Relaxes inflamed muscles to improve airflow
• What are common symptoms of asthma?

  Wheezing, shortness of breath, sudden onset
• What is emphysema?

  Long-term lung condition from smoking or pollution
• How does emphysema affect alveoli?

  Damages elastin, reducing surface area for gas exchange
• What are common symptoms of emphysema?

  Wheezing, shortness of breath, ineffective gas exchange
• What is COPD?

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• What diseases are included in COPD?

  Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• What are common symptoms of COPD?

  Wheezing, shortness of breath, increased infections
• What is the difference between correlation and causation?

  Correlation indicates a relationship, causation indicates cause
• What factors can affect lung cancer rates?

  Smoking, asbestos exposure, medical treatment improvements
• How do smoking rates relate to lung cancer deaths?

  Decreased smoking rates may lower lung cancer deaths
• What measures have been taken to reduce smoking?

  Health warnings, advertising bans, hidden cigarette displays
• What is the EU's ceiling directive?

  Limits on emissions of harmful pollutants
• How does air pollution relate to asthma rates?

  Lower air pollution may reduce asthma cases
• Why is it difficult to establish a direct link between air pollution and asthma?

  Other factors like smoking and genetics also influence asthma
• What is the purpose of traffic management in polluted areas?

  To reduce emissions and improve air quality