Biology P2 INHERITANCE

• What is meiosis?

  Formation of four non-identical cells
• What is mitosis?

  Formation of two identical cells
• What does sexual reproduction involve?

  Joining of male and female gametes
• What are the gametes in animals?

  Sperm and egg cells
• How are gametes formed?

  By meiosis
• How many chromosomes does a normal cell have?

  46 chromosomes
• How many chromosomes does each gamete have?

  23 chromosomes
• What happens during fertilization?

  Gametes fuse to form a cell with 46 chromosomes
• What is asexual reproduction?

  Involves one parent with no gametes
• What process forms two identical cells in asexual reproduction?

  Mitosis
• What are clones?

  Genetically identical organisms
• What is meiosis responsible for?

  Formation of gametes in reproductive organs
• How many times does a cell divide during meiosis?

  Twice
• What is the result of the second division in meiosis?

  Four cells with 23 chromosomes each
• Why are gametes genetically different?

  Chromosomes are shuffled during meiosis
• What happens after fertilization?

  The cell divides by mitosis to form an embryo
• What is differentiation?

  Cells take on different roles
• What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

  • Produces variation in offspring
  • Increases survival advantage in changing environments
  • Decreases extinction risk for the species
• What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

  • Only one parent needed
  • Faster reproduction without finding a mate
  • Produces many identical offspring in favorable conditions
• How do malarial parasites reproduce?

  Sexually in mosquitoes, asexually in humans
• How do some fungi reproduce?

  Both sexually and asexually
• What is pollination in plants?

  Pollen reaching egg cells in flowers
• How do strawberry plants reproduce asexually?

  By producing runners
• How do daffodils reproduce asexually?

  By growing from bulbs
• What is DNA?

  A polymer made of two strands
• What is the structure of DNA called?

  Double helix
• What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

  A, C, G, T
• What is a gene?

  A section of DNA coding for a protein
• What is the genome?

  All genes coding for proteins in an organism
• Why is studying the human genome important?

  Improves understanding of diseases and treatments
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are nucleotides?

  Small parts that make up DNA
• What connects the bases in DNA strands?

  Complementary base pairing
• How many types of amino acids are there?

  20 types
• What is protein synthesis?

  Process of producing a protein from DNA
• What happens to DNA during protein synthesis?

  It cannot move out of the nucleus
• What is mRNA?

  A template of the original DNA
• How are amino acids brought to ribosomes?

  By carrier molecules
• What determines the protein's shape?

  The order of amino acids
• What can mutations in DNA cause?

  Changes in the amino acid sequence