Organic Chemistry

• What are organic compounds primarily composed of?

  Carbon forming the backbone of molecules
• What is crude oil a result of?

  Plankton being buried underwater long ago
• What are hydrocarbons made up of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What are most hydrocarbons in crude oil?

  Alkanes, chains of single carbon bonds
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_{2n + 2}
• What suffix do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What does the prefix of an alkane name indicate?

  The length of the carbon chain
• What is the prefix for a 1-carbon alkane?

  Meth-
• What is the prefix for a 2-carbon alkane?

  Eth-
• What is the prefix for a 3-carbon alkane?

  Prop-
• What is the prefix for a 4-carbon alkane?

  But-
• What is the prefix for a 5-carbon alkane?

  Pent-
• What is the prefix for a 6-carbon alkane?

  Hex-
• Why is crude oil not useful as a mixture?

  It contains different length alkanes
• What process is used to separate alkanes from crude oil?

  Fractional distillation
• How does fractional distillation work?

  Heated alkanes evaporate and rise in a column
• What happens to alkanes as they rise in the fractionating column?

  They condense back into liquids at different heights
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is the typical use of LPG?

  Transported in pressurized containers
• What is the next longest fraction after LPG?

  Petrol
• What is kerosene used for?

  Jet fuel
• What is diesel oil used for?

  Cars and lorries
• What is heavy fuel oil used for?

  Large ships
• What do alkanes produce when burned completely?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• How does viscosity change with alkane length?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is the flammability of shorter fractions?

  They are more flammable and easier to burn
• What can different fractions of alkanes be used for?

  Solvents, lubricants, detergents, and polymers
• What is a polymer?

  Long-chain alkanes made from repeating sections
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• What is a functional group in alkenes?

  C double bond C
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water; it turns colorless
• What happens when bromine bonds to ethene?

  It breaks the double bond into single bonds
• What is the product of bromine reacting with ethene?

  1,2-dibromoethane
• What is the result of oxidizing an alkene?

  It can form an alcohol
• What happens during cracking of alkanes?

  Longer alkanes break into shorter alkanes and alkenes
• What temperature is required for catalytic cracking?

  Around 550°C
• What catalyst is used in catalytic cracking?

  Zeolite
• What is steam cracking?

  Cracking without a catalyst at high temperature
• What must be conserved during cracking reactions?

  The number of all atoms in products