INFECTIONS - CESAREAN SECTION

• What are the midterm topics for NCM 109?

  Infection during pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, substance abuse
• What are the newborn crises listed in the midterm topics?

  • Neonatal sepsis
  • Meconium stained
  • Respiratory distress syndrome/hyaline membrane disease
  • Hyperbilirubinemia
• What does the nursing tip "from the mother to her fetus through the placenta" imply?

  Infections can be transmitted from mother to fetus
• What are TORCH infections?

  Infectious diseases passed to a fetus during pregnancy
• What does TORCH stand for?

  Toxoplasmosis, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes
• How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?

  Through feces of infected animals
• What are some other infections included in the "others" category of TORCH?

  HIV, syphilis, parvovirus B19, varicella, Zika
• What are the potential effects of rubella exposure in the first trimester?

  Fetal cardiac defects and death
• What can rubella exposure in the second trimester lead to?

  Hearing loss and growth retardation
• What is cytomegalovirus associated with?

  Congenital hearing loss and fetal death
• What type of virus is herpes virus type 2?

  Herpes simplex virus
• What are some other sexually transmitted infections mentioned?

  Chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, HPV
• How can infections be acquired during pregnancy?

  Through sexual intercourse and contaminated articles
• What is the pathophysiology of infections during pregnancy?

  Infectious organisms cross the placental barrier
• What are some associated findings of infections during pregnancy?

  Previous STIs, numerous sexual partners, IV drug use
• What are common clinical manifestations of infections during pregnancy?

  PROM, abortion, preterm birth, systemic infections
• What are the prevention strategies for TORCH infections?

  • Avoid contact with sick individuals
  • Wash hands often
  • Don't share drinks or utensils
  • Avoid travel to areas with prevalent diseases
  • Eat fully-cooked meat and eggs
• How can TORCH infections be transmitted?

  Intrauterine, during childbirth, after birth
• What is HIV?

  Human immunodeficiency virus attacking the immune system
• How is HIV primarily transmitted?

  Through sexual intercourse and contact with infected blood
• What can happen without medication for HIV?

  It may take years for AIDS to develop
• What is AIDS?

  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV
• What is the last stage of HIV infection?

  AIDS, characterized by severe immune system damage
• What is the normal level of CD4/T-helper cells?

  500 – 1500 cells/mm
• What is the threshold for being positive for HIV/AIDS?

  200 cells CD4 and T-helper cells
• What are the prime modes of transmission for HIV?

  • Unprotected penetrative sex
  • Injection drug use
  • Unsafe blood and blood products
  • Mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding
• What are some symptoms of acute HIV infection?

  Low-grade fever, headache, body malaise
• What characterizes the asymptomatic stage of HIV?

  No symptoms until immune system is compromised
• What are symptoms of symptomatic HIV infection?

  Fatigue, fever, weight loss, chronic diarrhea
• What are some signs of stage 4 HIV/AIDS?

  Opportunistic infections and cancers may develop
• What is the ELISA test used for?

  To detect HIV antibodies and antigens in blood
• What follows a positive ELISA test?

  HIV Differentiation Assay to confirm infection
• What is Retrovir used for?

  To treat HIV and prevent transmission during pregnancy
• What is Zidovudine (ZDV) used for?

  To prevent and treat HIV/AIDS
• What is an antigen?

  Any substance triggering an immune response
• What does the ELISA test detect?

  It detects antibodies in the blood
• What test follows a positive ELISA result?

  HIV Differentiation Assay
• What is the purpose of the HIV Differentiation Assay?

  To confirm HIV infection
• What is Retrovir used for?

  To treat HIV
• How is Retrovir administered during pregnancy?

  Orally after the 14th week gestation