juanes reviewer

• Multicellular organisms are living beings made up of many cells working together to perform various functions, such as growth, reproduction, and responding to the environment.
• Nucleic Acids: DNA contains the instructions for synthesizing proteins, and RNA carries these instructions to ribosomes where proteins are produced, thus playing a crucial role in protein synthesis and gene expression.
• Multicellular organisms have greater capacity for internal specialization than unicellular organisms.
• Examples of multicellular organisms include animals, plants, and fungi.
• There are five grades of organization that can be recognized in animals: Protoplasm, Cell, Tissue, Organ, and Organ System.
• The cells of multicellular organisms may be divided into Somatic Cells, which constitute the individual animal throughout its life, and Germ Cells, which are responsible for reproduction.
• Tissue is the group of cells having the same structure and perform similar functions.
• There are four major group of somatic tissues: Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous.
• Epithelial Tissues, also known as Epithelium, form the covering or lining of all free body surfaces both external and internal.
• The cells of Epithelial Tissues are compact, bonded together by intercellular cement for strength and often supported by a basement membrane.
• Structurally, the cells of Epithelial Tissues may be Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, or Ciliated.
• Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that resemble scales and are ideal for functions like diffusion and protection.
• Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped cells that are involved in secretion and absorption, often found in glands and kidney tubules.
• Columnar cells are tall, rectangular cells that are specialized for absorption and secretion, commonly found in the lining of the digestive tract.
• Ciliated cells have hair-like structures called cilia on their surface, which help in moving mucus and other substances, often found in the respiratory tract.
• Simple epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cells and is found in areas where absorption, secretion, or filtration is the primary function.
• Protective epithelial tissues provide a barrier or defense for the plant or organism.
• Stratified epithelial tissue is made up of multiple layers of cells stacked on top of each other.
• Pseudostratified epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers, but is made up of a single layer of cells of varying heights.
• Adipose or fat tissues are specialized tissues in the human body that store excess energy in the form of fat.
• Sensory epithelial tissues are involved in perceiving and transmitting information about the external environment to the organism's nervous system.
• Connective tissues are a type of tissue that provides structural support, connects, and separates different organs and tissues in the body.
• Glandular epithelial tissues are responsible for the production and secretion of substances, such as hormones or enzymes, in the body.
• Exocrine glandular tissues secrete substances through ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities, like the skin or digestive tract.
• Flagellated cells have whip-like structures called flagella that enable them to move, such as the sperm cells.
• Reticular tissues are a type of tissue found in the body, which consists of a network of thin, branching fibers made of collagen.
• Fibrous connective tissues consist of scattered cells, rounded or branched in form, with intercellular spaces occupied by delicate fibers.
• Cartilage connective tissue is a firm yet elastic matrix (chondrin) secreted by small groups of rounded cartilage cells (chondrocytes) embedded within it and covered by a thin, fibrous perichondrium.
• Endocrine glandular tissues have no ducts and release their products into the circulatory system.
• Apical Meristems, also known as the primary or transitional meristems, are found in the tips of both roots and shoots and are responsible for the vertical growth of the plant.
• Meristematic Cells are forever young cells with thin walls and dense cytoplasm.
• Meristematic Tissue is the "growth center" of the plant, where new cells are continuously produced.
• Actin are thin and form the framework of muscle fibers, playing a crucial role in muscle contraction by sliding alongside myosin filaments.
• Bipolar Neuron have an axon with two branches which resembles a “T” shape with one branch receiving signals (dendrite) and the other sending signals (axon).
• Nervous Tissues are the messaging system of our body, highly specialized for the properties of irritability and conductivity.
• Neurons are the main cells in nervous tissue which are responsible for transmitting signals.
• Multipolar Neuron have many processes (multiple dendrites and one axon) extending from the cell body.
• Myosin are thicker and work together with actin during muscle contractions, pulling on actin filaments, causing the muscle to contract and generate movement.
• Protoderm produces the dermal tissue or epidermis, which is the "skin" of the plant, the outermost layer that covers the entire plant.
• Dermal Tissue or Epidermis is made up of cells tightly packed together, forming a continuous layer that covers the plant's leaves, stems, roots, and other parts.