development

• development: the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology, and human welfare.
• GNI (gross national income): total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. It is the total amount of money earned by a nation's people and businesses. The World Bank uses 4 levels of income: high, upper middle, lower middle, and low.
• GDP (gross domestic product): total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year.
• HDI (human development index): this is a development measure devised by the United Nations. It is a composite indicator that measures life expectancy, the number of years in education, and GNI per head. The results are expressed in values 0-1, where 1 is the highest. In 2017, the Uk was 14th.
• Birth rate: this is a reliable development measure. As a country develops, its birth rate will decrease as there are more opportunities for women.
• Death rate: this is a less reliable development measure. This is because both LICs and HICs can have a high death rate.
• infant mortality: this is a way of measuring development. It is the number of children who die before they turn 1. This is useful for measuring the quality of healthcare.
• Other ways of measuring development are literacy rate, the number of doctors per 1000 people, and the number of people with access to clean water.
• DTM (demographic transition model): this shows changes in the population over time.

  Stage 1: here there are traditional rainforest tribes. There is a high death rate and a high birth rate.

  stage 2: here there are LICs. The death rate decreases and the population remains high.

  stage 3: here there are NEEs. The birth rate and death rate continue to decrease.

  stage 4: here there are HICs. There is a low birth rate and a low death rate.

  stage 5: here are the most developed countries. The death rate is higher than the birth rate (natural decrease).
• natural increase: a natural increase in population due to the birth rate being higher than the death rate.
• dependency ratio: the number of people above and below working age divided by the number of people working, x 100.
• some causes of uneven development are climate, water, resources, natural disasters, being landlocked, and events in history such as colonisation.
• climate can lead to uneven development as it can bring about climate related diseases and pests. For example, mosquitoes which transmit malaria. The climate can also affect the availability of water and food.
• a lack of water can lead to uneven development as it can cause droughts or poor irrigation which affects the yield of crops. Poor sanitation can also cause disease.
• a lack of resources can lead to uneven development as it can impact building materials and trade.
• natural disasters can lead to uneven development as they can damage buildings, contaminate water and destroy crops. Money is then spent on repairs, rather than developing the country.
• being landlocked can lead to uneven development as there is less access for trading goods. This results in less economic growth.
• history can lead to uneven development as when countries have been colonised, materials have been stolen resulting in less economic growth.
• uneven development can lead to disparities in health and wealth between countries.
• AN example of disparities in health between LICs and HICs is that in LICs, 4 in every 10 deaths are children under the age of 15. However, in HICs only 1 in every 100 deaths are children under the age of 15.
• migration: the movement of people from place to place.
• immigrant: a person who moves into a country.
• emigrant: a person who moves out of a country.
• economic migrant: a person who moves to a country to seek a better life or better economic opportunities.
• refugee: a person forced to move from their country origin due to war or a natural disaster.
• displaced person: a person forced to move from their home, but stay in their country.
• UK migration: since 2004, over 1.5 million economic migrants have moved to the UK.

  advantage: more tax is paid to the government, so there is more money for development.

  disadvantage: it puts pressure on services.
• aid: when a country or an NGO donate resources to another country to help it develop.
• short term aid: emergency help, usually in response to a natural disaster.
• long term aid: sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience.
• tied aid: aid given with certain conditions.
• voluntary aid: money donate by the public.
• multilateral aid: richer governments give money to an international organisation which distribute it to poorer countries.
• bilateral aid: aid from one country to another country.
• intermediate technology: sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people. For example, goat aid and irrigation techniques in Ethiopia.
• goat aid: this is an example of intermediate technology. It is a project that helps families in African countries. The money that is donated is used to buy goats which can then be used as a food source.
• irrigation in Ethiopia: this is an example of intermediate technology. In the village of Aids Nifas, a dam was built to provide water for irrigation. Families were also given a plot of land with fruit trees. This was a way of providing food for the community.
• trade:

  tariffs: taxes paid on imports.

  quotas: limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported.
• free trade: when countries don't charge tariffs and quotas.
• trading groups: countries which have grouped together to increase the level of trade.

  advantages: poorer countries can get a greater share of the market, and can get higher prices for their goods.