History chp 16

• During the war, the North Increased National government:

  • Republicans passes system of uniform banking and railroads
• During war, South

  • War destroyed economy
  • Farm lands lay barren
  • Sherman- Georgia and South Carolina
  • General Sherman (U) was in charge of March to the Sea
  • March to the Sea- military campaign; taking southern property; undermine civilian support for Confederacy
  • Confederate money devalued
  • South printed paper money with the intent of winning the war and using it
  • Buildings are burnt, cities and towns in disarray
• Reconstruction (1865-1877), Restoration vs Reconstruction

  • Lincoln plan- moderate
  • Restore; wants the Southern states go back to the way they were
  • Doesn't believe that they should be punished
  • Congress - more extreme (Radical Republicans)
  • Reconstruct; wants to completely rebuild South in North's image
  • Lincoln vetoed their bills
• • Lincoln shot Apr. 14 1865
  • By John Wilkes Booth and others
  • Lincoln dies Apr. 15 1865
  • Andrew Johnson becomes President
  • Pro Union Democrat
  • 1865-1869
  • Arrogant, drunkard, racist, believes in Lincoln's plan
  • No political clout
  • Favored limited federal government
• 13th Amendment - 1865

  • officially ended slavery
  • Illegalized slavery
• Southern Black Codes

  • Blacks stay in south despite being free
  • These laws limited freedoms of African Americans
  • Common: firearm
  • own land
  • Rare: not allowed to move
  • People in power created these to limit the voice of African Americans; since most likely they would be Republican
• Civil Rights Act of 1866, 1875

  • 1866- gave African American's / former slaves citizenship
  • 1875- illegalized discrimination, allowed people of color to have access to places they didn't before
• 1868 Johnson Impeachment Trial

  • Hurt both sides
  • Johnson is views as not able to work with congress
  • Congress is seen as politically driven
  • First presidential impeachment trial for a president in office
  • By one vote, Johnson is not impeached
  • He made a deal with senate that he won't vetoe their plans anymore
  • Brought on by Johnson wanting to fire the Secretary of War, Stanton
• March 2, 1867- Radical Reconstruction begins

  • Johnson says reconstruction is over, Congress wants more reconstruction.
  • Military Reconstruction Act
  • 5 Military districts be placed in rebellious states
  • Rebellious states had to make new (approved) constitutions to enter back in
  • Rebellious states must ratify 14th Amendment
  • Command of Army Act
  • President is the commander of army, but orders have to go through Secretary of War
  • Wanted to limit the powers of President Johnson
  • Tenure of Office Act
  • Johnson wants Sec. of War to do something, because they said no, Johnson tries to fire Stanton
• 14th Amendment- 1868:

  • Citizenship, prevents deprivation of due process
  • Gives African Americans citizenship
  • Equal protection under the law
  • Due process- the steps the law must make in order to deprive rights
  • Revokes Dred Scott ruling

  15th Amendment- 1870:

  • Right to vote regardless of race/color
  • Still no women

  "Freedom could make folks proud, but it doesn't make 'em rich"

  • By former slave
  • No more 40 acres and a mule (not enough), seen as unlawful
  • Freedsmen Bureau- helped former slaves get a standing in society
• Freedsmen Bureau-

  • helped former slaves get a standing in society
  • Helped with education
• Carpet Baggers (Northerners)

  • Come from North to try to help rebuild
  • More Lincoln Republican than radical
  • Not really seen as helpful

  Scalawags (Southern Republicans)

  • Seen as betrayers of heritage
• Sharecroppers

  • Work for share of crop to sell or have

  Tenant

  • Work land, but don't own it

  Tension:

  • Poor whites who have always had trouble with making money are upset because they see African Americans taking their opportunities
  • Competition between poor whites and poor African Americans
• Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)

  • Republican - moderate
  • Winning general of the war
  • Does not want to punish south
  • Wins because of African American vote
  • Corruption issues
  • Elected greedy people called the "spoilsmen" into congress
  • Raised the salary of Spoilsmen and president
  • Spoilsmen bribed to get their way
• KKK

  • Pulaski, Tenessee 1866
  • Stars out a social club for old Confederate generals
  • Racist
  • Wanted to target Republicans, but Black people are easier (since they are stereotyped as Republican)
  • More representation in Ohio
  • Dies off after Reconstruction
• 1870-1871 Enforcement Acts (3)

  • Criminal codes that protect African American's right to vote, hold office, serve juries, and receive equal protection under the law
  • Empowered president to use military force to protect African Americans.
• 1872 Liberal Republicans Horace Greely nominee

  • Liberal Republicans- want African Americans to use their newfound rights
  • Horace Greely is nominated by the Democratic party despite the differences, against Grant
  • Despite Grant's scandals, he wins another term
• Democrats "The white and Black Republicans may outvote us but we can outcount them"

  • They don't want to accept responsibility for their role in conflicts
• 1873 Business Panic

  • 6 year depression
  • Particularly due to currency
  • Since gold and silver is no more in South, South likes paper money
  • North wants to buy back money and give south gold and silver
  • Farmers hold onto paper money
  • The lack of paper money causes a partial crash
  • Affected the North more than the South
• Compromise of 1877

  • Resolved political dispute over the presidential election
  • Since Democrats beat up Republicans so, Republicans could not go vote
  • Electoral College starts up again and Hayes Wins - Republicans wanted
  • Also ended Reconstruction - Democrats wanted
• Greenback Party- favored paper money

  • argued for money being standard
  • They evolve into progressive party, which will influence Dem->Rep and Rep->Dem during Roosevelt
• Because of the Compromise of 1877:

  • The states who have not ratified the 14th Amendment are readmitted
  • Reconstruction ends
• Hayes is Republican
• New South

  • Shift from strictly Agrarian
  • Because of Business panic, South's economy is good
  • 1880-1890: Cotton Mills
  • Goes from 161 to 400
  • 1875-1900 Coal Production
  • Goes from 5 Million to 49 Million
  • South wants infrastructure now because they have learned from the war
• Politics: Southern Democratic leadership

  • Called "Bourbons" by critics
  • Called "Reedemers" by supporters, mostly moderate at first
• Cotton and Sugar Cane Recovered

  • Sharecropper
  • Tenant Farmers
  • Crop - Lien Merchant
  • Allowed farmers to obtain supplies (food, seed) on a credit
  • Debt was to be repaid after crop was harvested and brought to market
• 1890s moderation evaporates

  • In South
  • Attempts to eliminate black vote
  • Poll Tax: discriminated against poor whites and blacks
  • Literacy Test: Had voters read the Constitution
  • Residency requirements
  • Democratic Only Primary: called "White Primary"
• 1883- Supreme Court: Decided that individual discrimination legal (7 rulings)

  • Plessy v Ferguson
  • Separate but equal
  • Plessy was riding across the border of Louisianna and was told to sit in the back. He said no. Was arrested.
  • Supreme court ruled that segregation was legal some places
  • Cornerstone for Jim Crow Laws
  • Jim Crow Laws
  • Growing violence
  • Segregation laws
  • Jim Crow was cariacature of Black people
  • Booker T. Washington- former slave, somewhat believed in segregation, Tuskegee University
  • WEB Dubois- against segregation
  • Growth in Black owned business- more need
• Restoration/reconstruction fixed some things, but painted over others, and left others untouched