Seismology

• The seismic wave is the energy that travels through the earth.
• S waves, or secondary waves, are a type of body wave that move in a side-to-side motion, causing the ground to shake perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
• Surface waves are the slowest and most destructive type of seismic waves, causing the most damage to buildings and infrastructure.
• Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave that cause the ground to move in an elliptical rolling motion.
• Seismometers are used to measure ground motion during an earthquake.
• A seismograph records the amplitude, frequency, duration, and direction of seismic waves on paper or digitally.
• P waves travel faster than S waves because they can pass through liquids as well as solids, while S waves cannot.
• Love waves are transverse surface waves with horizontal particle displacement at their crests and troughs.
• Surface waves have two types: Love waves (transverse) and Rayleigh waves (longitudinal).
• Normal fault is a type of fault where in tectonic plates slide past each other.
• Strike-slip fault is a type of fault where they slide past each other horizontally sideways.
• Reverse faults are formed when the crust is pulled apart and the rocks are forced upwards
• Normal fault is where the hangingwall moves downward and the footwall moves upward
• Reverse fault is when the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall
• Convergent boundaries is when rocks are compressed like in reverse fault
• Divergent fault is when two plates move away from each other.
• Transform boundaries is when two plates move sideways horizontally from each other
• Lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of Earth's mantle
• The three types of plate boundary are convergent, divergent, transform
• Mercalli intensity scale is a scale of 1-12 that measures the magnitude of an earthquake
• Richter scale is a logarithmic scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake.
• Magnitude is the measurement of energy released by an earthquake.
• Intensity is the strength of the stimulus, measured in decibels (dB)
• Focus is the actual location of the earthquake, hence, underneath the surface
• Epicenter is above the focus of the earthquake, the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus
• Actove faults are faults that are formed by the movement of the lithosphere and can produce seismic activity often
• Inactive fault are fault without recent seismic activity
• Tsunamis large ocean waves generated by oceanic seismic activity