Kidneys, bloodglucose, kidney failure

• What hormone does the pancreas produce?


  Insulin
• What is the role of insulin in the body?


  It regulates the blood glucose level
• What is glycogen ?

  Glycogen is glucose turned into glycogen to be stored in liver and muscles. Insulin turns glucose into glycogen
• What is glucagon?

  Glucagon turns glycogen back into glucose to increase blood sugar
• What hormones do the pancreas release ?


  Insulin and glucagon
• When the blood sugar level too low , what is added ?

  Glucagon is added , turns glycogen into glucose from liver
• When blood glucose level too high , what is added ?


  Insulin from pancreas. Turns glucose into glycogen stored in muscles and liver
• What is treatment for type diabetes


  Insulin therapy and diet
• What is type 1 diabetes


  Pancreas doesn't form insulin / very little
• What is type 2 diabetes 


  Body is resistant to insulin
• What is type 2 diabetes treatment


  Diet and exercise
• What is the primary function of the kidneys in urine production?


  To remove products and unwanted substances from the blood.
• What happens to glucose during urine formation?


  Glucose is absorbed back into the blood.
• What occurs to excess amino acids in the body?


  They are converted into fats and carbohydrates.
• Where does the process of deamination occur?


  In the liver.
• What is produced as a waste product during deamination?


  Ammonia.
• Why is ammonia converted to urea in the liver?


  Because ammonia is toxic.
• How is urea transported after being produced in the liver?


  It is transported to the kidneys.
• What role do kidneys play in maintaining ion balance?


  They reabsorb the right amount of ions into the blood after filtration.
• How do we lose water from the body?

  Through sweat and breathing out.
• What regulates the amount of water lost through sweat and breathing?

  It is not controlled by the body.
• What is the process of water balance in the body?

  • Water intake vs. water output
  • Water lost through sweat and breathing
  • Balance maintained by consumption and kidney function
• What hormone controls the concentration of urine?


  Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
• Where is ADH released from?


  The pituitary gland.
• What is the negative feedback mechanism in water regulation?


  • Detects high or low water content
  • Coordinates response through the pituitary gland
  • Adjusts ADH release to normalize water levels
• What happens when the water content is too high?

  The pituitary gland releases less ADH.
• What happens when the water content is too low?

  The pituitary gland releases more ADH.
• How does the body adjust water content?

  • Increased ADH leads to more water reabsorption
  • Decreased ADH leads to less water reabsorption
  • Maintains homeostasis in body fluids
• What are the two main treatments if someone's kidneys stop working?

  Dialysis and kidney transplant
• What happens if the kidneys do not work properly?


  Waste substances build up in the blood and ion and water levels cannot be controlled
• What is the purpose of a dialysis machine?


  To remove waste substances from the blood
• How does dialysis benefit patients with kidney failure?


  It buys them valuable time until a donor organ is available
• What is currently the only cure for kidney failure?


  A kidney transplant
• What is the risk associated with donating a kidney from a living person?


  There is a small risk to the person donating the kidney
• What is a potential complication after a kidney transplant?


  The donor kidney can be rejected by the patient's immune system
• How do patients prevent rejection of a donor kidney?


  They are treated with drugs to prevent rejection
• Why are transplants considered cheaper than dialysis in the long run?


  Transplants eliminate the hours spent on dialysis
• What is a downside of kidney transplants?


  There are long waiting lists for kidneys
• What factors are important for matching donor kidneys?

  Blood type and a few other factors
• What are the downsides of dialysis and kidney transplants?


  Dialysis:

  • Time-consuming
  • Does not cure kidney failure

  
  

  Kidney Transplants:

  • Risk of rejection
  • Long waiting lists