respiration

• What type of reaction is cellular respiration?

  Exothermic reaction
• Where does cellular respiration occur in living cells?

  In the mitochondria
• Why is energy released during respiration important?

  It powers all living processes
• What are the uses of energy released during respiration?

  • Building larger molecules (e.g., proteins from amino acids)
  • Muscle contraction for movement
  • Maintaining body temperature
• What are the two types of respiration in cells?

  Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• What is produced during aerobic respiration?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Lactic acid
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Glucose -> lactic acid
• What is fermentation in yeast cells?

  Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells
• What are the products of fermentation in yeast?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What are the functions of different cell components in respiration?

  • Cytoplasm: Site of anaerobic respiration reactions
  • Nucleus: Holds genetic code for respiration enzymes
  • Mitochondria: Contains enzymes for aerobic respiration
  • Cell membrane: Controls gas and water passage
• How does the body respond to exercise?

  Increases heart rate, breathing rate, and volume
• What happens if insufficient oxygen is supplied during exercise?

  Anaerobic respiration occurs
• What is lactic acid buildup associated with?

  Insufficient oxygen during exercise
• What is oxygen debt?

  Oxygen needed to remove lactic acid
• What occurs during rest, exercise, and recovery regarding lactic acid?

  • Rest: No lactic acid buildup, enough oxygen
  • Exercise: Oxygen shortfall leads to lactic acid
  • Recovery: Extra oxygen required to remove lactic acid
• How is lactic acid removed from muscles?

  Transported to the liver and converted to glucose
• What is metabolism?

  Sum of all reactions in a cell or body
• What processes are included in metabolism?

  Synthesis and breakdown of molecules
• What are the metabolic processes for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

  Carbohydrates:

  • Synthesis from sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
  • Breakdown of glucose for energy

  
  

  Proteins:

  • Synthesis of amino acids from glucose and nitrate
  • Breakdown of excess proteins to urea

  
  

  Lipids:

  • Synthesis from glycerol and fatty acids
• equation for light intensity

  light intensity 1/distance^2