Titrations

• What type of reaction occurs between an acid and an alkali?

  Neutralization reaction
• What ion makes a solution acidic?

  Hydrogen ion (H⁺)
• What ion makes a solution alkaline?

  Hydroxide ion (OH^-)
• What is the ionic equation for the reaction between an acid and an alkali?

  H⁺ + OH^- → H₂O
• How do you balance the equation H₂SO₄ + NaOH?

  H₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
• If 25.0 cm³ of sodium hydroxide requires 28.8 cm³ of 0.0500 mol/dm³ H₂SO₄, how do you find the concentration of sodium hydroxide?

  Use molarity and volume relationship
• What is a standard solution?

  A solution with a known concentration
• What is deionized water?

  Water that has had its ions removed
• What is the uncertainty of a 250 cm³ volumetric flask with ±0.3 cm uncertainty?


  ±0.3 cm
• What is the reading on apparatus A?

  Specific reading based on context
• What is the resolution of apparatus A?

  Smallest increment it can measure
• What is the uncertainty when taking a reading with apparatus A?

  Depends on the resolution of the apparatus
• What is volumetric analysis in titration?

  • Uses volume and concentration of a standard solution
  • Determines concentration of an unknown solution
  • Commonly involves acid-base reactions
• What equipment is used to measure volumes in titration?

  • Volumetric or graduated pipette
  • Burette
• What is the equivalence point in titration?

  • Point where acid and base react completely
  • Indicated by a color change from an indicator
• Why must laboratory glassware be clean before use?

  • Prevents reaction with remaining reagents
  • Ensures accurate measurement by avoiding droplet formation
• How should conical flasks be rinsed before use?

  • Rinse with deionized water
  • Does not alter final titre value
• How should pipettes and burettes be rinsed before use?

  • Rinse with the solutions they will measure
  • Prevents dilution of solutions
• What happens if the solution in the pipette is diluted?

  • Final titre reading will be lower than true value
• What happens if the solution in the burette is diluted?

  • Final titre reading will be greater than true value
• What is the correct method for filling a pipette?

  • Ensure no air bubbles
  • Fill above the line and run down to mark
• What is the correct method for filling a burette?

  • Bring to eye level for accuracy
  • Remove funnel after filling to avoid drips
• What is the purpose of a rough titration?

  • To estimate the amount of titrant needed
  • Speeds up the process for multiple samples
• What is the significance of concordant titres in titration?

  • Indicates reliable measurements
  • Should be within an allowable range, often 0.10 cm³
• What factors contribute to total error in a titre?

  • Reading burette at start and end
  • Judging the end point to within one drop
• What is the total uncertainty in a titre measurement?

  • Total uncertainty = ±0.15 cm³
• What is the uncertainty when making a standard solution?

  • Depends on the volume and measurement accuracy
• How is percentage uncertainty calculated?

  • Percentage uncertainty = (uncertainty/volume) × 100
• What is the total percentage uncertainty in a standard solution?

  • Total percentage uncertainty = 1.07%