CELL PHYSIOLOGY

• Cell membrane is made up of phospholipid bilayer and a tail (hydrophobic) and a head (hydrophilic - water loving).
• Nucleus is covered by a bilayered membrane (phospholipid bilayer) called Nuclear Envelope, which is porous compared to cell membrane, and contains DNA and RNA.
• Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry genetic information and contain a single double-stranded DNA molecule.
• Autosomes are 44 chromosomes.
• Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes and is a complex of DNA and its associated protein (DNA + Histones), giving it a "beads on string" appearance.
• Sex chromosomes are X and Y.
• Chromatids are chromosomes that have been copied and indicate the number of chromosomes in a cell.
• Sister Chromatids are chromatids that are bound to each other by a Centromere.
• Nucleolus is a structure found within the nucleus responsible for Ribosomal synthesis.
• Histones guide the coiling of the DNA, guide the replication of DNA during mitosis, and attach sister chromatids together.
• Somatic cells are 2n while sex cells are n.
• There are two types of cells in microbial organisms: Somatic Cells and Sex Cells.
• The Krebs cycle takes oxygen and is important in making ATP.
• Dissolution and breakdown are important in the process of making ATP.
• Direct Phosphorylation is a process that occurs in the cytoplasm and is important in making ATP.
• Turners syndrome - female - 45, x 0
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the final step in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria and is important in making ATP.
• Downs syndrome - male (TRIsomy 21) & has on excess on chr
• Klinefelter syndrome - male -mole with female features (47, xxy)
• The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell and contains folds known as Cristae.
• Somatic cells are n while sex cells are 2n.
• 2 sex chromosmes
• Pyruvic acid is produced in Glycolysis.
• Edwards syndrome - male (Trisomy 18) 47+ XY + 18 KARYOTYPE
• ATP is the source of energy and needs to be broken down for energy to be released.
• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose, a sugar that is important to produce ATP.
• Creatine is used in Direct Phosphorylation.
• ATP is made in the mitochondria.
• The mitochondria is the site of Kreb cycle/Citric acid cycle/Tricarboxylic acid cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
• Exhaled CO2 is a byproduct of the Krebs cycle.
• Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles which are responsible for Protein Synthesis.
• Ribosomes are composed of rRNA that are created in the Nucleolus.
• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids.
• Amino acids are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulphur.
• Humans have 10 essential Amino Acids and 10 non-essential Amino Acids.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of Proteins.
• Ribosomes contain rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA.
• Ribosomes are all bi-products of transcription.
• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) contains ribosomes, giving it a "Rough" appearance, and is the site of protein synthesis.
• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) does not contain ribosomes, giving it a "Smooth" appearance, and is the site of steroid synthesis, lipid formation, and detoxification of different substances.