carboxylic acids

• have a carboxyl functional group

  -COOH

  suffix is -ioc
• carboxyl group made of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group
• carboxyl group is always at the end of the molecule
• carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds

  some can dissolve in water
• as the carbon chain increases the solubility of the carboxylic acid decreases

  this is because the longer hydrocarbon components are non-polar therefore cant form hydrogen bonds
• dimer

  when a carboxylic acid forms hydrogen bonds with each other

  this increases the boiling point
• Carboxylic acids can be made from nitriles, aldehydes and primary alcohols
• Hydrolysis of nitriles forms carboxylic acids
• Oxidation of aldehyde and primary alcohols using reducing agents form carboxylic acids
• Carboxylic acids are weak acids that react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide and bases to form salts and water
• Carboxylic acids can be reduced into alcohols which can be reacted to form acyl chlorides
• Reacting alcohols with carboxylic acid and acid anhydride to form esters