mental health

• What is perimenopause?

  Transitional phase before menopause
• What hormonal changes occur during perimenopause?

  Ovarian function declines, causing fluctuations
• At what age does perimenopause typically begin?

  Around age 40
• What are common symptoms of perimenopause?

  Irregular periods, hot flashes, mood swings
• How can perimenopause affect mental health?

  May worsen or develop depression and anxiety
• What is Emily's diagnosis in the case study?

  Perimenopausal Depression
• What characterizes anxiety disorders during perimenopause?

  Excessive fear, worry, and physical symptoms
• What are common symptoms of mood disorders in perimenopause?

  Persistent sadness, mood swings, fatigue
• What risk factors contribute to depression and anxiety in perimenopause?

  History of PMS or postnatal depression
• How do anxiety symptoms relate to depression onset?

  Anxiety may appear 1-2 years before depression
• How does oestrogen affect neurotransmitters?

  Affects serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline
• What is the role of the HPA axis in perimenopausal depression?

  Increased cortisol levels seen in depression
• How can testosterone therapy affect mood?

  May improve mood and well-being
• What neurotransmitter regulates mood and sleep?

  Serotonin
• What is involved in the clinical evaluation for perimenopausal depression?

  Medical history and symptom tracking
• What challenges exist in diagnosing perimenopausal depression?

  Misdiagnosis as generalized anxiety or major depression
• What is the first-line treatment for perimenopausal mood disorders?

  Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
• What is the role of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in treatment?

  Modifies negative thought patterns
• How does exercise impact mood during perimenopause?

  Improves mood and reduces stress
• What is the recommended use of SSRIs in perimenopausal depression?

  Only for severe cases
• What is the suicide risk for women aged 45-49?

  Highest suicide rates in this age group
• Why is training for healthcare professionals important?

  To differentiate perimenopausal mood disorders
• What are the key takeaways regarding perimenopause and mental health?

  • Perimenopause impacts mental health significantly.
  • Hormonal fluctuations disrupt neurotransmitter balance.
  • Diagnosis based on symptom patterns and history.
  • HRT is first-line treatment, followed by CBT.
  • SSRIs used only in severe cases.
  • Increased awareness improves treatment outcomes.