cardiovascular disease

• What is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide?

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
• What is a major component of cardiovascular disease?

  Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)
• What are the main topics covered in the lecture on cardiovascular disease?

  • Coronary circulation
  • Angina Pectoris (Stable vs. Unstable)
  • Diagnosis
  • Risk Factors
  • Treatment and Prevention
• What is the age and gender of Mr. Leon Brown?

  62-year-old male
• What is Mr. Brown's BMI?

  28 kg/m²
• What is Mr. Brown's blood pressure?

  168/103 mmHg
• What is Mr. Brown's total cholesterol level?

  240 mg/dL
• What symptom did Mr. Brown experience while running for a bus?

  Chest pain
• What did the ECG reveal for Mr. Brown?

  Myocardial ischaemia, no permanent damage
• What was Mr. Brown's diagnosis?

  Stable Angina
• What is the treatment plan for Mr. Brown?

  • Lifestyle changes
  • Medications: GTN, Ramipril, Atorvastatin
  • Angiography scheduled
• What do coronary arteries supply to the heart?

  Constant blood supply
• What happens with reduced blood flow in coronary arteries?

  Angina Pectoris occurs
• What does complete blockage of coronary arteries lead to?

  Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
• What are the three stages of atherosclerosis in CAD?

  1. The Fatty Streak
  2. Plaque Progression
  3. Plaque Disruption
• What initiates the Fatty Streak stage of CAD?

  Endothelial Injury and Dysfunction
• What are physical stressors that contribute to CAD?

  High blood pressure
• What are chemical stressors that contribute to CAD?

  Smoking and high cholesterol
• What occurs during plaque progression in CAD?

  Plaque thickens and narrows the artery
• What does reduced oxygen supply lead to in CAD?

  Myocardial ischaemia and Angina
• What can plaque disruption lead to?

  Blood clot formation (thrombosis)
• What does complete blockage from plaque disruption cause?

  Myocardial infarction
• What is the definition of Angina Pectoris?

  Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia
• What are the characteristics of angina pain?

  • Dull, heavy, tight, squeezing, or aching
  • Radiates to chest, arm, jaw
  • Associated with SOB, sweating, nausea, vomiting
• What are the differences between Stable and Unstable Angina?

  Stable Angina:

  • Triggered by exertion
  • Pain relieved by rest or GTN
  • Less likely to progress to MI

  
  

  Unstable Angina:

  • Occurs at rest
  • Higher frequency & intensity
  • Higher risk of MI
• How does Mr. Brown's angina confirm his diagnosis?

  His pain occurred during exertion
• What are the methods for diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

  1. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  2. Stress Testing
  3. Coronary Angiography
• What does an ECG detect in CAD?

  Myocardial ischaemia
• What were the findings in Mr. Brown's ECG?

  Signs of ischaemia, no permanent damage
• What is the purpose of a Stress Test?

  To monitor HR, BP, and ECG during exercise
• What indicates a positive exercise stress test?

  Chest pain and ST depression on ECG
• What should be done if symptoms occur during a stress test?

  Stop the test immediately
• What is the purpose of a Pharmacological Stress Test?

  To highlight poorly perfused areas
• What does Coronary Angiography visualize?

  Blood flow in coronary arteries
• What does Coronary Angiography detect?

  Blockages and severity in arteries
• What are the risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

  • High LDL cholesterol
  • Low HDL cholesterol
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes Mellitus
• How does high LDL cholesterol affect CAD?

  Deposits in artery walls
• What is the effect of low HDL cholesterol on CAD?

  Reduced cholesterol clearance
• How does smoking affect CAD?

  Increases platelet adhesiveness and damages endothelium
• What is the link between obesity and CAD?

  1 in 6 UK deaths linked to high BMI