particle physics

• What experiment disproved the Plum Pudding Model?

  Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment
• What did Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment demonstrate about atoms?

  Most of the atom is empty space
• What does the deflection of alpha particles in Rutherford's experiment indicate?

  Existence of a small, positive nucleus
• What is the nuclear model of the atom composed of?

  A nucleus with protons and neutrons
• How is the closest approach of a scattered particle to a nucleus calculated?

  It depends on the particle's initial kinetic energy
• What happens to the kinetic energy of a particle as it approaches a nucleus?

  It converts into electrical potential energy
• What is the relationship between kinetic energy and the distance a particle can approach a nucleus?

  More kinetic energy allows closer approach
• What are hadrons made of?

  Quarks
• What is the strong interaction?

  A force that affects hadrons
• What are leptons?

  Fundamental particles with almost no mass
• How do antiparticles compare to their matter counterparts?

  Same mass but opposite charge
• What is the antiparticle of a proton?

  Antiproton
• What is pair production?

  Creation of matter from energy
• What occurs during annihilation?

  A particle and antiparticle fuse to produce energy
• What do cloud chambers observe?

  Pair production and annihilation
• What are quarks?

  Fundamental particles not made of smaller particles
• What are the two types of quarks mentioned?

  Up and down quarks
• What is the charge of an up quark?

  +⅔
• How is the charge of a neutron calculated using quarks?

  Sum of quark charges equals 0
• What is the mass of an alpha particle?

  4
• What is the purpose of particle accelerators?

  To accelerate charged particles
• What is the formula for kinetic energy in particle accelerators?

  $KE =$$\frac{1}{2}mv^2$
• How do linear particle accelerators work?

  Charged plates reverse charges to accelerate particles
• What is the limitation of circular accelerators?

  Particles cannot exceed the speed of light
• What does Einstein's equation relate to?

  Energy and mass equivalence
• How are electrons arranged in an atom?

  In discrete energy levels
• What evidence supports the arrangement of electrons in energy levels?

  Line spectra show missing wavelengths
• What is the effect of cool gas on light passing through it?

  Absorbs certain wavelengths
• What do fluorescent tubes utilize to emit light?

  UV photons released by mercury atoms
• What does the wave model of the atom explain?

  Electron shells as standing waves
• What causes atoms to be unstable?

  Too many or too few neutrons
• What is the definition of radioactive atoms?

  Atoms that release radiation to become stable
• What is the mass of an alpha particle?

  4
• What is the charge of beta minus radiation?

  -1
• What is the range of beta plus radiation?

  Negligible due to annihilation
• What is the intensity of gamma radiation affected by?

  Inverse square law with distance
• How is risk described in terms of radiation?

  Consequence and likelihood
• What is absorbed dose?

  Radiation absorbed per kg of tissue
• What does effective dose measure?

  Tissue damage caused by radiation
• What is the mass defect in a nucleus?

  Mass less than sum of protons and neutrons