cc lec finals

• The parathyroid glands are four small oval masses derived from pharyngeal pouches and are located at the back of the thyroid gland, one at each end of the upper and lower poles, embedded in the larger gland's capsule.
• The dimensions of the parathyroid glands are 3 x 6 mm each and their total weight is 0.4g.
• Parathyroid hormone is a hormone produced by chief cells or principal cells of the parathyroid gland.
• Parathyroid hormone synthesis involves the larger 115-amino acid preproparathyroid hormone, which is cleaved into proparathyroid hormone, and the smaller 84-amino-acid single-chain peptide parathyroid hormone.
• Relaxin functions by inhibiting uterine contraction to prevent premature birth and causing relaxation of the maternal pelvic joints and ligaments, and dilatation and effacement of the cervix.
• Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein increases blood calcium level.
• Corticotropin Releasing Hormone increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, and stimulates parturition.
• Placental Lactogen can cause gestational diabetes mellitus among susceptible pregnant women.
• The actions of parathyroid hormone include being the primary regulator of calcium physiology, with bone, kidney, and intestine actions.
• Placental Lactogen, also known as human chorionic somatotropin, has a structure similar to GH and regulates the maternal carbohydrate, lipid, protein, metabolism, and fetal growth.
• Placental Lactogen decreases maternal tissue sensitivity to insulin, making glucose more readily available to the fetus and using glucose for milk production.
• For neurological disability, consider administering oxygen, dextrose, naloxone, and thiamine.
• Airway patency maintenance is crucial in medical emergencies.
• Circulation maintenance involves maintaining perfusion of vital organs.
• Disability assessment should include checking for central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction.
• Antagonizing the effects of the poison can involve using desferrioxamine for iron, naloxone for opiates, and N Acetylcysteine for paracetamol.
• Exposure assessment should include tracking marks, pupil size, temperature, sweating, and smell.
• Aspirin increases drug elimination through alkaline diuresis and haemodialysis.
• Breathing maintenance involves maintaining oxygenation and ventilation.
• In bone, parathyroid hormone induces Ca2+ and P release from the bone to the blood circulation.
• In the kidney, parathyroid hormone enhances Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and increases excretion of P in the proximal convoluted tubule.
• In the intestine, parathyroid hormone indirectly increases absorption of calcium by increasing active vitamin D, a hormone that increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption.
• Parathyroid hormone has both anabolic and catabolic effects to the bone depending on the modality of application.
• Intermittent increase of PTH (anabolic) results in increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption.
• Continuous increase of PTH (catabolic) results in decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption.
• In the kidney, parathyroid hormone increases renal Ca2+ reabsorption, renal P excretion, and converts Vitamin D to its active form.
• Pituitary disease, such as a pituitary tumor, surgical or radiation induced trauma, vascular injury, autoimmune hypophysis, or granulomatous or metastatic disease, can cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
• Opioid use can lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to u-opioid receptor-mediated decreased GnRH pulsatile production.
• Prostate cancer is a contraindication to testosterone replacement therapy.
• Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism is a group of disorders characterized by decreased FSH and LH, and decreased testosterone.
• Kallmann Syndrome is a X-linked form of congenital GnRH deficiency due to impaired migration of GnRH neurons and olfactory nerves to the ventral hypothalamus due to mutations in the KAL1 gene found in the X chromosome.
• Age-related changes in testosterone levels result in a gradual reduction in testosterone after age 30.
• Monitoring is an important part of testosterone replacement therapy.
• Hyperprolactinemia impairs the frequency and amplitude of FSH and LH pulsatile secretion.
• Seminiferous tubules of the testes contain sertoli only and no sperm cells, resulting in small testes, azoospermia male, and sterility without sexual abnormality.
• Testosterone replacement therapy is only recommended for a man who is hypogonadal as evidenced by clinical symptoms and signs consistent with androgen deficiency and subnormal serum testosterone concentration.
• Parenteral testosterone, transdermal testosterone patch therapy, testosterone gel, testosterone buccal pellet, subcutaneous testosterone pellet, nasal testosterone are methods of testosterone replacement therapy.
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus can lead to low testosterone and low LH due to insulin resistance, low SHBG, and elevated estradiol.
• Obstructive sleep apnea may lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to hypoxemia and sleep deprivation, or if obesity leads to low testosterone level.
• Ionized Ca2+ plays a key role in the control of parathyroid hormone secretion and interacts with calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR).