Lecture 11

• Voting participation has become more popular over time in recent decades.
• Rothstein defines two different kinds of political legitimacy: input legitimacy, which is associated with democratic election, and output legitimacy, which is associated with the rule of law.
• Compulsory voting has a negative impact on the concept of freedom, legitimacy for elected authorities, and representation.
• The factors that may explain voter choice include the candidate's qualifications, party affiliation, and personal beliefs.
• The characteristic of input legitimacy is the rule of law.
• Conventional participation involves activities like voting, protesting, and civic activism, while unconventional participation involves activities like hacking, leaking, and cyberattacks.
• The rule of law is not an indicator for measuring political outcome.
• Different parties select their leader and candidates through various methods such as primaries, caucuses, conventions, and internal elections.
• According to Rothstein, more important for political legitimacy is effective governance than democratic elections, electoral accountability, or public participation.
• The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) assess good governance based on six indicators: Voice and accountability, Political stability and lack of violence, Government effectiveness, Regulatory quality, Rule of law, and Control of corruption.
• Politics always involves negotiation and competition, not the use of force, relations between states, or economic conflicts.
• The core subject of study in the interpretive approach is individuals, not interests, ideas, or institutions.
• The CPI is the most widely used indicator of corruption worldwide.
• Support for democracy and satisfaction with democracy are two different aspects of democracy.
• The CPI scores and ranks 175 countries and territories based on how corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be.
• The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) by Transparency International measures corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, which can be classified as grand, petty and political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the sector where it occurs.
• Cultural orientation with affinity for the statement "Laws are necessary, even if they cannot be respected" is high power distance.
• According to Weber, a bureaucracy is characterized by a defined division of tasks, elected political distribute administrative, bureaucrats possess secure jobs and salaries, and a disciplined hierarchy.
• Tactical voting is a phenomenon where people tend to vote for a candidate they dislike less than their opponent.
• Classical cleavages that may form parties in different countries include religion, class, ethnicity, and region.
• Post-material values emphasize on priority of self-expression values.
• The five functions of legislature are deliberation, representation, making government, scrutiny and control.
• A federal system is characterized by a constitution that gives sovereignty to the subnational governments.
• There is not an elected president in a parliamentary system.
• In a parliamentary system, a coalition is typically formed before an election, while in a presidential system it is usually formed after an election.
• Dual and cooperative federalism are types of federalism.
• The number of gained seats by each party is shown in the following.
• In a plurality system, the candidate with the most votes wins, while in a majority (two-round) system, the candidate with the most votes wins after a run-off, and in an alternative vote (preferential) system, the candidate with the most votes wins after a series of rounds.
• Informal institutions include parliament, constitution, corruption, and election.
• A right-wing party, like the PVV, can be initiated by societal fragmentation.
• Alternative voting is a type of proportional electoral system.
• If C, D and E make a coalition, it is a minimal winning coalition.
• A codified constitution is one that has been approved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
• Parliamentary and presidential systems are two types of government.
• Political Science Session 11: Political Outcomes Lecturer: dr Ammar Maleki 29 - 11 - 2023
• Political participation: Who and Why?
• Forms of participation: Conventional participation and Unconventional participation
• Women participation and gender quotas
• Political outcomes in comparative politics
• Input, throughput and output legitimacy