Terms to Study

• Phermones (S+R+)?

  airborne chemicals for interspecies communication
• Allomones (S+R-)?

  Interspecific defensive chemicals
• Kairomones (S-R+)?

  Communication eavesdropping from receiver
• Synomones (S+R+)?

  Intraspecies communication
• Quasisocial insects? (Parasocial)

  Adults cooperate and share a nest, 1 generation with no castes
• Semisocial insects? (Parasocial)

  Adults share a nest and divide the labor between reproductives and steriles

  1 generation only
• Are termites eusocial?

  Yes, happened from a single evolutionary event

  
• Termite: soldiers?

  Nonfertile males and females from the worker castes
• Termites: workers?

  Female and male nymphs
• Hymenoptera: Reproductives?

  Queen, a drone develops from an unfertilized egg (haploid)
• Hymenoptera: Workers?

  Adult females, sterile and fertile but are unmated
• What is dulosis?

  Slavery, many species lack a true worker caste, they may steal worker pupae

  
• What is social parasitism?

  A new mated queen can enter a nest then slowly assassinate the host queen and take over

  
• Phytophagous insects?

  Consume all parts of the plant
• Polyphagy? (Grasshoppers)

  Eat many plants

  Have detox enzymes to overcome plant defenses
• Oligophagy? (Beetles)

  Specialize in a family or genus

  Cucumber beetle and potato beetle
• Monophagy? (Pine Beetle)

  Feed on one species

  Low competition

  Have symbionts and modifications
• What is antibiosis?

  Active defense that harms insects

  Repellents, insecticides, feeding suppressants, growth inhibition, and growth regulators
• What is antixenosis?

  Non-preferential

  Plant fails to attract an insect since a necessary feature is missing
• Use of Pyrethrins?

  biodegradable and have a lower toxicity in the human body
• R-species? (Insects)


  Many offspring with little parental care

  
• K-species? (Mammals)

  Fewer offspring with a higher amount of care

  
• K-species?

  Occupy stable habitats with other K-species
• Dispersal?

  Multidirectional movement from wind, little control over direction

  
• Migration?

  Unidirectional movement, wind assisted with some insect control

  
• Quiescence?

  Temporary inactivity due to harsh conditions
• Diapause?

  Interrupted development, regulated by hormones in response to climate change
• Polymorphism?

  Spring and summer forms

  Alternating of asexual and sexual cycles
• Organophosphates?

  More toxic, chemically unstable

  Was a nerve gas
• Nicotinoids?

  Modeled after nicotine

  Decline in the population of bees (?)
• Pyrethroids? (Raid)

  Costly and unstable in sun, but harmless to human

  Resembles DDT and acts in the insect nervous system
• What is the ecdysoza hypothesis?

  Nematodes are related to panarthropods
• Accessory muscles?

  Fine tune wing stroke
• Indirect flight muscles?

  Found in most insects, change the shape of the insect cuticle
• What pulls the leading edge down during wing stroke?

  Basalar msucles
• Myogenic muscles?

  Contraction that originates in the muscle itself (1 : many)
• Articula hypothesis?

  Annelids are related to panartho
• What is the terrestrial theory for the origin of wings?

  Fixed wings first developed in the paranotal lobes as dorsal outgrowths, these are present on the prothorax of some of the first pterygote fossils.
• What is the aquatic theory for insects?

  They started as modified basal leg segments, similar to the gill segments on immature aquatic insects. Gene expressions for limbs are found in wings.
• Does the pronymph only last one instar?

  Yes