Type 1 diabetes

• What causes T1DM?

  Immune-mediated destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells
• Which gene polymorphisms may influence T1DM?

  HLA-DQ

  HLA-DR
• What are some other autoimmune disorders that are common in those with T1DM?

  Coeliac

  Hashimoto's

  Addison's

  SLE
• What is the stereotypical symptom triad of T1DM?

  Polyuria

  Polydipsia

  Unexplained weight loss
• Why do patients with T1DM report polyuria and polydipsia?

  Hyperglycemia -> osmotic diuresis in renal tubules -> dehydration = inc thirst
• How may a patient with T1DM present?

  Polyuria

  Polydipsia

  Weight loss

  Fatigue

  Glycosuria

  Ketosis

  Blurred vision
• What is the primary investigation for T1DM?

  Blood glucose - fasting >7 or random >11 = T1DM
• What are the first-line investigations for T1DM?

  Blood glucose

  HbA1c

  Urine dip
• What is the criteria for a T1DM diagnosis?

  Random plasma glucose >11.1 + hyperglycaemia OR fasting plasma glucose >7 OR HbA1c >48
• When is T1DM commonly diagnosed?

  Childhood or adolescence
• How is T1DM managed?

  HbA1c monitoring every 3-6 months

  Self glucose monitoring

  Insulin

  Metformin
• When is metformin considered for patients with T1DM?

  BMI >= 25 kg/m2
• What are the glucose targets for T1DM patients?

  5-7 when walking

  4-7 before meals
• Which diabetes is ketonuria typically seen in?

  T1DM