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• Intellectual disability is defined as significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior manifested during the developmental period, which adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
• The term "idiots" was used in the early times for those with severe cognitive deficits.
• In the 19th century, the term "imbecile" was given as a label for a less severe degree of intellectual disability.
• For mild intellectual disability, the terms "feebleminded" and "simpleton" were used.
• The range of intellectual disability includes mild, moderate, severe, and profound levels.
• Majority of children with intellectual disability (85%) fall within the mild range (IQ range from 55 to 75), while those children whose IQ is on lower ranges ( IQ less than 40) often have multiple disabilities.
• These terms were used by professionals in medicine, psychology, and education to refer to intellectual disabilities, although nowadays, these labels are seen as inappropriate and stigmatizing.
• These terms were replaced by mental retardation, which at the time was seen as more appropriate.
• In 2007, the American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association of Intellectual and Development Disabilities (AAIDD), consistent with the term intellectual disability now deemed as more appropriate.
• According to IDEA, intellectual disability is defined as significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior manifested during the developmental period, which adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
• The characteristics of those with intellectual disability whose IQ score are within this range vary widely.
• Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior must occur during the developmental period, which differentiates intellectual disabilities from other disabilities of cognitive impairment such as traumatic brain injury.
• Diseases like whooping cough, the measles, or meningitis can cause intellectual disabilities.
• Problems during birth, such as a baby not getting enough oxygen, can result in an intellectual disability.
• There are five assumptions essential for understanding and applying AAIDD’s definition of intellectual disability: limitations in present functioning must be considered within the context of the person’s community environment with regard to age, peers, and culture; valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic diversity as well as differences in communications, sensory motor, and behavioral factors; limitations often coexist with strengths within the individual; limitations are described for the purpose of profiling an individual’s needed support; and the life functioning of the person w
• Extreme malnutrition, not getting appropriate medical care, or being exposed to poisons like lead or mercury can also cause intellectual disabilities.
• Genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and phenylketonuria (PKU) are examples of conditions that can cause an intellectual disability.
• Individuals with intellectual disability are classified according to their IQ scores which could range from 70 (plus or minus 5 points of measurement error) to below 20.
• AAIDD’s definition of intellectual disability specifies significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning which should occur before the age of 18 years.
• American Psychiatric Association (2013) defines intellectual disability as deficits in general mental abilities, including reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience.
• Complications during pregnancy, such as a problem with the way the baby’s cells divide, can result in an intellectual disability.
• Significant difficulty with tasks for daily living (adaptive behavior) is a characteristic of intellectual disabilities.