NEWD aggression

• aggression is behaviour with the intent to harm an individual which is outside the rules of the game
• assertion is behaviour that is forceful and committed but within the rules of the game
• causes of aggression.

  • intensity of situation
  • rivalry
  • low self-esteem
  • poor performance
  • unfair officiating
• instinct theory.

  • made by Feud in 1920, altered by Lorenz in 1966
  • aggression is genetically determined and predictable
  • trait violence released when performer feel 'death instinct'
  • sport is an outlet for catharsis
• social learning theory.

  • made by Bandura, 1966
  • aggression learned and genetically determined
  • aggression learned through environment and more likely to be copied if reinforced
  • social learning perspective
• frustration aggression hypothesis.

  • made by Dollard in 1939
  • frustration builds up if goal is constantly blocked
  • interactionist theory as aggression is due to the environment and triggers genetically-inherited traits
  • catharsis triggered if aggressive act successful
  • further frustration released if aggressive act unsuccessful
• aggressive cue hypothesis.

  • Berkowtz, 1969
  • interactionist theory
  • frustration leads to increase in arousal creating rediness for aggression
  • frustration does not trigger aggression, provocative environmental rules do
• how do we prevent aggressive behaviour?

  • lower arousal levels
  • walk away from situation
  • punish aggressive behaviour
  • mental rehearsal
  • positively reinforce non-aggressive behaviour