reconstructive memory, bartlett

• How is memory described in the study material?

  As an active, reconstructive process
• What role does previously acquired knowledge play in memory?

  It helps fill in gaps in memory
• What is the result of transforming memory into a coherent story?

  It resembles the event remembered
• What are schemas in the context of memory?

  Mental representations built from past experiences
• How do schemas help us with future experiences?

  They organize experiences and provide understanding
• What does having a schema for a restaurant imply?

  You know what to expect and how to behave
• What did Bartlett mean by "effort after meaning"?

  Connecting stimulus with previous knowledge
• How does connecting stimulus with previous knowledge affect memory processing?

  It gives meaning to the material for processing
• What is the primary function of schemas according to the study material?

  To organize experiences and provide understanding
• What happens to memory when it is reconstructed?

  It can resemble the original event
• How can one use schemas in everyday life?

  By anticipating behaviors in familiar situations
• What is the relationship between memory and past experiences?

  Past experiences shape how we remember
• Why is memory considered an active process?

  It involves reconstructing information from knowledge
• What does the study material suggest about the nature of memory?

  It is not a faithful representation of events
• How does memory transformation occur according to the study material?

  By using existing knowledge to fill gaps
• What did Bartlett ask participants to describe?

  Ink blots
• How did participants respond to the inkblots?

  They rummaged through memories for fitting descriptions
• What did participants' descriptions of the inkblots reflect?

  Their own interests
• What is the title of the study involving Bartlett and the story?

  The War of the Ghosts
• What did Bartlett test in the War of the Ghosts study?

  Participants' recall of a story
• How long after telling the story did Bartlett test recall?

  After several minutes, weeks, months, and years
• What was a significant finding from Bartlett's study on story recall?

  The story became considerably shortened
• What detail was often left out in participants' recall of the story?

  Specific details and phrases reflecting modern concepts
• What transformations occurred in the story during recall?

  The type of objects changed and ghosts were omitted
• Why did many participants leave out the ghosts in their recall?

  They didn't understand the role of the ghosts
• Evidence, strengths and weaknesses

  Strength

  • War of the ghost Bartlett 1932 supports the idea that memory is an active reconstructive process affected by previous experiences

  Weakness

  • Questionable how much relevance recalling war of the ghost has to do with everyday memory which reduces ecological validity of the findings
• Applications

  • Police should be cautious about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The eyewitness surround surroundings may trigger schemas in affect recall of the crime so police will now go to great lengths ps to re-create the scene of the crime ensure recall is accurate
• strengths, and shortcomings

  Strengths

  • Explain explains individual differences in memory we all have different experiences and therefore different schemes people with more developed and relevant schemas should've better recall

  Weakness

  • Emphasises the areas and memory but ignores how complex events are sometimes remembered very accurately especially in unexpected and unusual aspects flash bowl memory
• conclusions and strengths and shortcommings

  The theory is reductionist memory may be too simple but it struggles to explain why things that do not fit into a scheme as remembered even better than those that are consistent with our schemes
• alternative theories

  It explains the process involved in memory and how they are distorted rather than being purely descriptive, e.g. semantic and episodic memory

  Light working memory model some aspects of poorly defined where where is central executive in working memory model is poorly defined it's not clearly stated what schemer is