EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION OF MODERN SPORT

• What are the seven sociocultural factors that influenced the emergence and evolution of modern sport?

  Social class, gender, law, education, time, money, transport
• What characteristics defined sports played by the upper class in pre-industrial Britain?

  Sophisticated rules, required equipment, and education
• Which social class consisted of peasants and land workers in pre-industrial Britain?

  Lower class
• Which sports were commonly associated with the lower class in pre-industrial Britain?

  Mob football, cockfighting, and bare-knuckle fighting
• Why were women seen as the "weaker" sex in pre-industrial Britain?

  Due to societal beliefs about physical capabilities
• What type of activities were women expected to participate in due to their perceived weakness in pre-industrial Britain?

  Non-strenuous, safe activities
• What was the state of law and order like in pre-industrial Britain?

  There was no formal law enforcement
• How did education affect sports participation for the upper class in pre-industrial Britain?

  Education allowed them to understand complex rules
• In pre-industrial Britain, which social class consisted of the aristocracy and gentry?

  Upper class
• Which sports were commonly associated with the upper class in pre-industrial Britain?

  Fox hunting, real tennis, and shooting
• What characteristics defined sports played by the lower class in pre-industrial Britain?

  Simple, violent, and without formal rules
• How were activities shaped by gender expectations in pre-industrial Britain?

  Activities were shaped by gender expectations
• Which sports were commonly associated with women in pre-industrial Britain?

  Smock racing and archery
• What did the lack of a formal legal system lead to in pre-industrial Britain?

  Violent activities and animal cruelty
• How did education affect sports participation for the lower class in pre-industrial Britain?

  Lack of education led to simple games
• How did greater free time enable the upper class to participate in sports in pre-industrial Britain?

  Longer, more sophisticated activities were possible
• How did limited transport affect sports development in pre-industrial Britain?

  Sport developed within local communities
• What characterized the start of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

  Urbanisation and movement to cities
• How long were the typical working hours at the start of the Industrial Revolution?

  Very long working hours (12-hour shifts)
• What was the availability of green spaces like at the start of the Industrial Revolution?

  Limited green spaces
• How did industrial patronage contribute to sports development at the end of the Industrial Revolution?

  Factory teams were formed and supported
• How did the lower class's financial situation affect their participation in sport (1850+)?

  Couldn’t afford to miss work for sport
• What opportunities were available for the middle class in sports (1850+)?

  Worked up to become professionals/managers
• Which social classes were typically associated with amateurism?

  Upper & Middle Class
• What contributed to women's increasing freedom (Emancipation) in the post-industrial era?

  Increasing rights and changing expectations
• Which social class did physical activity become more acceptable for during the post-industrial era?

  Middle-Class women
• What was the focus of the 1868 Taunton Royal Commission Report?

  Limited schooling for women
• How did education affect the upper and middle classes in sports (1850+)?

  Developed sophisticated games
• What significant event in 1829 impacted law and order?

  1829 Met Police Act
• What was the impact of the change to law and order on blood sports?

  Decline in blood sports (mob football banned)
• What was the purpose of Patronage in relation to time and sport (1850+)?

  Managers provided leisure activities
• What impact did Saturday Half-Days have on sport (1850+)?

  Allowed time for watching & participating
• How did the shift from rural to factory work affect the Working Class (1850+)?

  Gained regular wages
• How did the development of railways support the growth of leagues & competitions (1850+)?

  Growth of leagues & competitions
• What were the characteristics of 20th Century Sport?

  Timetabled fixtures, written codes, stadiums
• What was the relationship between sports and the press during the 20th Century?

  Sports press coverage
• What was the dominant gender in sport during the 20th Century?

  Male-dominated
• How did less free time for the Working Class manifest in 20th Century sport?

  Pubs became sports hubs, gambling culture
• How did the Upper & Middle Classes maintain power in sport during the 20th Century?

  Controlled NGBs & owned teams
• How did clothing restrict women's participation in sport in the 20th Century?

  Restrictive clothing → Hard to participate